LIPIDS Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
It a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by their physical
properties rather than by their chemical properties.
A
LIPIDS
2
Q
It contains long hydrocarbon chain (non polar portion) and a terminal carboxyl group (polar portion)
A
LIPIDS
3
Q
Give the 7 functions refer to this B1-C1-F1-L1-P1-S1-T1
A
- Fuel
- Cell membrane components
- Steroid hormones are lipids
- Bile acids are lipids
- Prostaglandins are lipids
- The fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are lipids.
- Lipids can combine with carbohydrates or proteins to form glycolipids and lipoproteins.
4
Q
3 steroid hormones
A
a. Sex hormones
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Mineralocorticoids
5
Q
Lipids, particularly the phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol are important cell membrane components throughout the body. Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and gangliosides are particularly
important cell membrane constituents in the nervous system.
A
Cell membrane components
6
Q
Fatty acids, on breakdown, form acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2, which are
important sources of energy. When attached to glycerol, fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides (fats).
A
FUEL
7
Q
It is a substance that emulsify fats and increase their surface area for further breakdown in the gut for easy digestion
A
Bile acids
8
Q
Lipids can combine with carbohydrates or proteins to form?
A
glycolipids and lipoproteins
9
Q
What are the fat-soluble vitamins that are lipids?
A
vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
10
Q
These are lipids with diverse hormone-like functions.
A
Prostaglandins
11
Q
Lipids are relatively ______ in water.
A
INSOLUBLE
12
Q
Lipids are soluble in non polar solvents such as
A
ether, chloroform and benzene
13
Q
The colors of certain fats are
due to the _______________________________________?
A
pigments that are dissolved in them
14
Q
What is the characteristic of lipid when brought contact with a substance like paper?
A
greasy feels
15
Q
Lipids penetrate through paper producing???
A
transluscent spot
16
Q
Lipid are non volatile and produce characteristic _____________________________________?
A
crystals with definite
melting point
17
Q
Fat floats on water because?
A
It has lower density than the latter
18
Q
Fats are readily ____________ by acids, enzymes or superheated steam with
the liberation of fatty acids and glycerol.
A
Hydrolyzed/ HYDROLYSIS
19
Q
It is the process of forming soap from fats and alkali
A
Saponification
20
Q
Fats are ______________to form smaller globules in order to increase the
surface area.
A
Emulsified / EMULSIFICATION
21
Q
In emulsification greater surface area means ?
A
greater solubility and digestibility
22
Q
Fats when exposed to oxidizing agents like air, moisture, dirt, heat, bacteria
and lipid oxidase will form odorous ketones and aldehydes which then alters the pH, color, taste, consistency, and nutritional value of the fat.
A
Rancidity
23
Q
It damages the accessory food factors like carotene, tamin A, and vitamin E.
A
Rancidity
24
Q
___________ fat aside from being unpalatable may even be toxic.
A
RANCID
25
It refers to the ability of fats to form bubbles which absorb dirt particles and are washed away by water
DETERGENCY
26
Temperature when fats soften
Melting point
27
Temperature at which the column of fat rises in the capillary tube
Softening point.
28
Temperature at which the fat rises in the cylinder
Slipping point
29
Temperature at which a small lead shot falls through a sample
Shot melting point
30
degree of deflection of light that occurs when it passes from one
transparent medium to another
Refractive index
31
temperature at which a fat or oil gives off a thin bluish smoke
Smoke point
32
temperature at which the mixtures of vapor and air will ignite
Flash point
33
temperature at which the substance will sustain continued combustion
Fire point
34
temperature at which turbidity is first detectable
Turbidity point
35
Number of milliliters of 0.1N alkali required to neutralize the
volatile water-soluble fatty acids in a 5-gram sample of fat
Reichert Meissl Number
36
A measure of the amount of fatty acids which are insoluble in water
Hehner Value
37
Number of milliliters of 0.1N alkali necessary to neutralize the
volatile water-insoluble fatty acids which are present in 5-gram sample of fat
Polenske Number
38
A measure of the potential amount of soluble silver salts in the
Reichert Meissl distillate
Kirschner Value
39
Number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 gram of fat or oil
Saponification Number
40
Number grams of iodine or iodine compound absorbed by 100 grams
of fat
Iodine number
41
A measure of the amount of hydroxyl fatty acids present in a fat
Acetyl Value
42
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
SIMPLE LIPIDS
43
It is a chemical reaction whereby an ester if formed by the elimination of
water and the bonding of an alcohol and an organic acid.
ESTERIFICATION
44
Triglyceride is an ________derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
ester
45
a general term referring to esters (fats) of glycerol.
Triglyceride
46
esters of fatty acids with glycerol (hence called acylglycerols); fat in the liquid state is known as oil
NEUTRAL FATS
47
Example of fats that are visible
butter, lard, and margarine.
48
Example of fats that are invisible
dairy products, eggs, and meat.
49
It is also called acylglycerols
NEUTRAL FATS
50
It is also called glycerine
GLYCEROL
51
It is the simplest trihydric alcohol. It is an oily, colorless, heavy liquid having a sweet taste.
GLYCEROL
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It is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic
preparations.
GLYCEROL
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______ esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols
WAXES
54
Example of waxes
1. True waxes
2. Cholesterol waxes
3. Vitamin A esters
4. Vitamin D esters
55
It is widely used as a base for ointments and as an emollient for the skin.
LANOLIN
56
It is secreted by the sperm whale and is used in the manufacture of
candles, cosmetics, ointments and in the pharmaceutical preparations known as
cerates to give them a firmer consistency than the usual ointments.
SPERMACETI
57
It is taken from the honeycomb and is used in shoe polishes, candles,
wax paper and the manufacture of artificial flowers.
BEESWAX
58
It is a very hard wax capable of producing a high polish; is obtained from the leaves of the Brazilian palm tree and is used in automobile and floor waxes and in deodorant sticks.
CARNAUBA WAX
59
It s a mixture of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons separated
during the fractionation of petroleum; used in the manufacture of candles
PARAFFIN WAX
60
_______________________________ esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid
COMPOUND/COMPLEX LIPIDS
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It is lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue; they frequently have nitrogen-containing bases and other substituents
PHOSPHOLIPIDS/PHOSPHATIDS
62
When freshly prepared it is waxlike in appearance but turns brown on
exposure to air due to oxidation.
LECITHIN
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It mobilizes cholesterol or simply, it prevents the deposition of cholesterol.
LECITHIN
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Its chemical structure is similar to lecithin but its nitrogenous base is cholamine (ethanolamine).
CEPHALIN
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On hydrolysis it yields 2 molecules of fatty acids
and 1 molecule each of phosphoric acid, glycerol and choline.
LECITHIN
66
It is an enzyme present in cobra venom and poisonous spiders
which hydrolyzes lecithin
LECITHINASE
67
It removes the unsaturated fatty acids from lecithin producing ____________?
LYSOLECITHIN
68
It has a hemolyzing action on the red blood cell and this result into the poisonous effect of the venom.
LYSOLECITHIN
69
It is a thromboplastic substance which means it initiates the process of blood coagulation.
CEPHALIN
70
On hydrolysis it yields fatty acids, phosphoric acid and 2 nitrogenous bases (sphingosine and choline).
Sphingomyelin (phosphatidyl sphingosine choline)
71
It is similar to lecithin-cephalin group except that the 2 OH of
glycerol which ordinarily would be esterified to fatty acids are instead bound in acetal linkage to fatty acid aldehyde.
PLASMALOGEN
72
It is a phosphatid that do not
contain the glycerol component.
Sphingomyelin (phosphatidyl sphingosine choline)
73
It was first discovered in acid-fast bacteria and later found also in soybeans and brain tissue.
Lipositol (phosphatidyl inositol)
74
It is found in the brain and in small amounts in the blood.
Phosphatidyl serine
75
It is a double phosphoglyceride found abundantly in the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial membranes.
CARDIOLIPIN
76
Phospholipids are _______________(molecules having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups) with a polar portion (phosphate) and a nonpolar portion.
amphipathic molecules
77
lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine
and carbohydrate
GLYCOLIPIDS/GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
78
These are phosphatides containing inositol and play an important role in the transport mechanism of the cells
Phosphoinositides
79
These molecules occur mostly in the medullary sheath of the
nerves and the white matter of the brain.
Cerebrosides
80
Examples of CEREBROSIDES
kerasin, phrenosin, nervone, oxynervone.
81
It is a sulfuric acid ester of cerebron.
SULFOLIPIDS
82
Lipids that contain amino groups.
AMINOLIPIDS
83
These are substances of fat and protein which provides the main transport form of fat substances in the bloodstream.
LIPOPROTEINS
84
products of the hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids, but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics of lipids
PRECURSOR or DERIVED LIPIDS
85
fatty acids with no double bonds
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
86
These substances are liquid at ordinary room temperature and are volatile.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
87
Formic acid
(1) = ants and stinging nettles
88
The end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms
Formic acid (1)
Acetic acid (2)
89
small amounts in many fats (including butter) especially those of plant origin (coconut,nut, and palm oil)
Valeric acid (5)
Caproic acid (6)
Caprylic acid (8)
90
Lauric acid
(12) = spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurels, butter
91
Myristic acid
(14) nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter
92
common in all animal and plant fats
Myristic acid (14)
Palmitic acid (16)
Stearic acid (18)
93
Arachidic acid
(20) = peanut oil
94
Behenic acid
(22) = seeds
95
Lignoceric acid
(24) = cerebrosides, peanut oil
96
Give the all the examples of saturated fatty acids and the number of carbon atoms
Formic acid (1)
Acetic acid (2)
Propionic acid (3)
Butyric acid (4)
Valeric acid (5)
Caproic acid (6)
Caprylic acid (8)
Capric acid (10)
Lauric acid (12)
Myristic acid (14)
Palmitic acid (16)
Stearic acid (18)
Arachidic acid (20)
Behenic acid (22)
Lignoceric acid (24)
97
It is unstable and reactive due to the presence of the double bonds. These substances are liquid at ordinary room temperature and are non-volatile.
Unsaturated fatty acids
98
Example of unsaturated fatty acids
a. Monoenoic acids
b. Dienoic acids
c. Trienoic acids
d. Tetraenoic acids
e. Pentaenoic acids
f. Hexaenoic acids
99
Example of Monoenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. Palmitoleic acid (16:1;9) = nearly all fats
ii. Oleic acid [cis] (18:1;9) =possibly the most common fatty acid in natural
foods
iii. Elaidic acid [trans] (18:1;9) = hydrogenated and ruminant fats
iv. Erucic acid (22:1;13) = rape and mustard seed oils
v. Nervonic acid (24:1;15) = cerebrosides
100
Example of Dienoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. Linoleic acid (18:2;9,12) = corn, peanut, cottonseed, soybean and many
plant oils
101
Example of Trienoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. γ-Linolenic acid (18:3;6,9,12) = some plants (oil of primrose)
ii. α-Linolenic acid (18:3;9,12,15) = linseed oil
102
Example of Tetraenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. Stearidonic acid (18:4;6,9,12,15) = cod liver oil
ii. Arachidonic acid (20:4;5,8,11,14) = peanut oil
103
Example of Pentaenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. Timnodonic acid (20:5;5,8,11,14,17) = fish oils (cod liver oil)
ii. Clupanodonic acid (22:5;7,10,13,16,19) = fish oils
104
Example of Hexaenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example
i. Cervonic acids (22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19) = fish oils
105
What is the meaning of the number γ-Linolenic acid (18:3;6,9,12) in the parentheses?
18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds located at carbons 6, 9, and 12.
106
are fats that the body cannot manufacture from other fats, so these fatty acids must be obtained from food.
Omega-3 and omega-6
107
Fats are healthful
because they help prevent clotting and swelling that increase the risk of heart
attacks and cancer.
Omega-e
108
What are the fatty acids under Cyclic fatty acids
a. Hydnocarpic acid (plant origin)
b. Chaulmoogric acid (plant origin)
c. Phthioic acid (C26H52O2)
109
It is a liquid at ordinary room temperature that was shown to produce proliferation of epitheloid and giant cells.
Phthioic acid
110
It is probably the agent responsible for the
manifestation of tuberculosis.
Phthioic acid
111
Example if saturated hydroxy fatty acids
Dihydroxystearic acid – C17H33(OH)2COOH = castor oil
Cerebronic acid – C23H46(OH)COOH = brain glycolipids
Lanoceric acid – C31H61(OH)2COOH = wool fat
112
Example if unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids
Ricinoleic acid – C17H32(OH)COOH = castor oil
Oxynervonic acid / Hydroxynervonic acid – C23H44(OH)COOH = glycolipids
113
It plays an important role in the digestion of fat; acts as detergents and emulsifying agents.
MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES
114
It is either straight chain, those containing the b-ionone ring or sterols
ALCOHOLS
115
It is the products of hydrolysis of waxes
Straight chain
116
It contains vitamin A and some carotenols
Alcohols containing b-ionone ring
117
It is an aromatic alcohols which are derivatives of a simple steroid nucleus
known as ______________?
STEROLS
CYCLOPENTANOPERHYDROPHENANTHRENE
118
It is the representative member of sterols
CHOLESTEROL`
119
What are the other steroids in the body
1. corticosteroids
2. sex hormones
3. bile acids
4. vitamin D
120
It is an unsaturated alcohol that forms
colorless rhombic crystals with notches at the corner
CHOLESTEROL
121
It is the precursor of a
large number of equally important steroids. It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins.
CHOLESTEROL
122
It is a major constituent of gallstones and can be derived from diet or from biosynthesis.
CHOLESTEROL
123
Give the 5 stages involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol
1. MEVALONATE
2. ISOPRENOID
3. SQUALENE.
4. LANOSTEROL.
5. CHOLESTEROL
124
It is formed from lanosterol after several further steps, including the loss of three methyl groups.
CHOLESTEROL
125
Squalene cyclises to give rise to the parent steroid
LANOSTEROL
126
Six isoprenoid units condense to form the intermediate
SQUALENE
127
units are formed from mevalonate by loss of CO2.
ISOPRENOID
128
a six-carbon compound, is synthesized from acetyl CoA.
MEVALONATE
129
It was discovered by Tanret from ergot.
ERGOSTEROL
130
Who discovered Ergosterol
TANRET
131
It is isolated from yeasts and certain mushrooms and is important as a precursor of vitamin D.
ERGOSTEROL
132
4 Precursor or derived lipids
A. FATTY ACIDS
B. MONO - and DIGLYCERIDES
C. ALCOHOLS
D. MISCELLANEOUS
133
Give the components of miscellaneous
1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
2. Vitamin D, E, and K
3. Squalene – a hydrocarbon found in shark liver and human sebum
4. Carotenoids
134
It occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of fatty acids
KETOGENESIS
135
ketone body production in the liver, in the form of:
1. acetoacetate
2. D-3-hydroxybutyrate
3. acetone
136
It is formed by the bonding of arachidonate and some other C20 fatty acids with methylene; physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds
EICOSANOIDS
137
What are the pharmacologically active compounds in the eicosanoids?
1. prostaglandins (PG)
2. thromboxanes (TX)
3. leukotrienes (LT)
4. lipoxins (LX)
138
It is the molecule that makes fats or burns them. It is the key precursor in the
biosynthesis of many lipids. It is used in the synthesis of isoprenoid molecules, esters, and amides.
Acetyl-Coenzyme A
139
It is a fatty precursor that is very important in the body’s regulation of fatty
acid metabolism (it provides growing fatty acids chains with two units of carbon)
Malonyl-Coenzyme A
140
It was first e first discovered and isolated from human semen in the 1930’s
Prostaglandins
141
Who discovered prostaglandins?
Ulf von Euler of Sweden
142
Where does prostaglandin name came from ?
Prostate
143
It is a lipid tissue hormone synthesized from long-chain fatty acids.
prostaglandins
144
It can cause smooth muscle contraction or relaxation, vasodilation, stimulation of blood clotting, activation of inflammatory response, production of pain and fever, induction of labor, and other reproductive processes.
prostaglandins
145
It is an intermediate product in the oxidation of fatty acids.
Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A (C25H41O18N7P3S)
146
It is an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of steroids.
Hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A
147
It is a natural substance from plant of the family Annonaceae
Acetogenins
148
These compounds are very potent inhibitors of the NAD-ubiquinone reductase activity of the mammalian
mitochondria.
Acetogenins
149
They are a class of molecules that contain either ten to fifteen carbon atoms built from the
five-carbon building block isoprene. These substances are responsible for the odor and
color of certain plants
Terpenes
150
Terpenes are found in a variety of spices and flavorings such as:?
1. menthol in mint
2. citral in lemon
3. selinene in celery
4. zingiberene in ginger
5. β-carotene in carrots and other plants
