lipids

Question 1

why are phospholipids classed as a compound

Answer 1

the fatty acid compound can vary

Question 2

two ways lipids are diverse

Answer 2

chemically and functionally

Question 3

explain lipids solubility

Answer 3

mostly insoluble in water, soluble in solvents that have low polarity

Question 4

list molecules from their decreasing polarity (i.e most polar to non polar)

Answer 4

salts, acids, ketones, Esthers, halogenated, aromatic, aliphatic

Question 5

name 4 amphipathic molecules

Answer 5

sodium stearate,
sodium p dodecylbenzenesulfonate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride
di(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether

Question 6

name a soap

Answer 6

sodium stearate

Question 7

name a cationic detergent

Answer 7

hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride

Question 8

name an anionic detergent

Answer 8

sodium p dodecylbenzenesulfonate

Question 9

name a nonionic detergent

Answer 9

di (ethyl glycol) dodecyl ether

Question 10

two types of amphiphiles

Answer 10

single chain and double chain

Question 11

explain the dietary source of lipids

Answer 11

2% in plants and animals
tiny percent manufatured in the body
95% triacylglyceride (fats, oils, corn, nuts, milk, cheese)

Question 12

3 lipid structures

Answer 12

simple
compund
derived

Question 13

what are simple lipids

Answer 13

esters of fatty acids

Question 14

what are fats

Answer 14

fatty acids and glycerols

Question 14

what are waxes

Answer 14

long chain fatty acids and log chain alcohols

Question 15

what are compund lipids

Answer 15

esters of fatty acids and alcoholds that also contain another group

Question 16

what are derived lipids

Answer 16

composed of hydrocarbon rings and a long hydrocarbon side chain

Question 17

name 4 common lipids

Answer 17

cholersterol
free fatty acid
triglyceride
phospholipid

Question 18

draw sphingosine

Question 19

draw sphingomyelin

Question 20

what is demyelination

Answer 20

breakdown of myelin sheaths leading to multiple sclerosis

Question 21

name two C18 fatty acids

Answer 21

octadecanoate
octadenenoate

Question 22

what acid is octadecanoate

Answer 22

stearate

Question 23

what acid is octadenenoate

Answer 23

oleate

Question 24

draw octadecanoate

Question 25

draew octadecenoate

Question 26

how many double bonds in octadecanoate

Answer 26

0

Question 27

how many double bonds in octadecenoate

Answer 27

1

Question 28

how many double bonds in octadecadienoate

Answer 28

2

Question 29

how many double bonds in octadecatrienoate

Answer 29

3

Question 30

3 functions of lipids

Answer 30

1. energy supply and storage 2. membrane components/surface openings 3. signals, messengers, cofactors, pigments

Question 31

how are lipids energy stores

Answer 31

fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerol

Question 32

how are triacylglycerols economical

Answer 32

non-polar; doesn't bind with water 6x more energy than glycogen

Question 33

how are triacylglycerols efficient

Answer 33

more reduced than proteins and carbons have a higher caloric yield 9 vs 4 kcal/g

Question 34

what is step 1 in triacylglycerol synthesis

Answer 34

production of phosphatidate in the ER and outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 35

what are lipins

Answer 35

phosphotase and acyltransferase are enzymes associated in a complex called triacylglycerol synthetase

Question 36

6 components of an adipocyte

Answer 36

1. mitochondria 2. rough ER 3. nucleus 4. Golgi 5. membrane 6. fat reserve

Question 37

4 b - cell functions

Answer 37

1. drives fatty acid uptake 2. drives glucose uptake 3. drives TAG synthesis 4. inhibits lipase

Question 38

3 a - cell functions

Answer 38

1. drives fataty acid release by triggering lipase 2. inhibits TAG synthesis 3. glycerol release

Question 39

what is step 2 of triacyl glycerol synthesis

Answer 39

hydrolysis of phosphatidate to DAG and acylation to TAG by diglyceride acyl transferase

Question 40

3 components of phosphatidylserine

Answer 40

1. fatty acid 2. glycerol 3. alcohol

Question 41

2 categories of membrane lipids

Answer 41

phopholipids and glycolipids

Question 42

2 physical charachteristics of membrane lipids

Answer 42

polar head group and non polar hydrocarbon tail

Question 43

why is the dual polarity important

Answer 43

allow membrane lipids to forma beta sheet

Question 44

5 components of phospholipid synthesis

Answer 44

1. glucose 2. DHAP 3. glycerol 4. glucose 3 phosphate 5. phosphatidate 6. alcohol -> phospholipid

Question 45

what is DHAP

Answer 45

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 46

why is DHAP important

Answer 46

1. precursor for glycerol backbone 2. glycolytic intermediate

Question 47

step 1 in phospholipid synthesis

Answer 47

activation of phosphitadate with cytidine transport pyrophosphate is released and must by hydrolysed to drive rxn forward

Question 48

step 2 in phospholipid synthesis

Answer 48

the hydroxyl group of the alcohol in linked in a phosphodiester bridge CMP is released

Question 49

what is CMP

Answer 49

cytidine monophosphate

Question 50

what is the kennedy pathway

Answer 50

the synthesis of phosphatidyl choline in the liver

Question 51

explain the second pathway to produce phophatidyl choline in the liver

Answer 51

methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 52

which pathway produces phophatidyl choline do novo

Answer 52

the second pathway

Question 53

how else is choline obtained

Answer 53

from the diet

Question 54

draw the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 55

how is phosphatidyl inositol constant

Answer 55

stearic acid in C1 arachidon acid in C2

Question 56

how does phosphatidyl become PIP2

Answer 56

further phosphorylation by 4,5 bisphosphate (becoming an importantt signal transduction molecule)

Question 57

all phospholipids have a, b, c

Answer 57

a = polar phosphate b = glycerol c = non-polar fatty acids