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Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic and encased in lipoprotein

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2
Q

4 groups of lipids

A

-cholesterol esters
-glycerol esters
-fatty acids
-phospholipids

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3
Q

most important lipids

A

triglycerides and cholesterol

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4
Q

fats help build

A

structural components

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5
Q

fats specific gravity

A

<1 = floats to top of water

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6
Q

fatty acids structure

A

straight chain hydro carbon with carboxyl group

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7
Q

unsaturated

A

one double bond and at least 1 not saturated with hydrogen

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8
Q

saturated

A

carbon atom saturated with hydrogen( no double bonds)

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9
Q

all mammals naturally

A

saturated fatty acids in cis form (allows flexible, bending, even
# carbon atoms)

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10
Q

trans fat

A

-processing and hardening fatty acids
-poly unsaturated fat
-butter
-from diet

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11
Q

1 fat consumed

A

triglycerides

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12
Q

esterifed

A

bound (to be transported); hooks up with cholesterol, glycerol, albumin

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13
Q

body makes majority of fats we needs except

A

linoleic acid

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14
Q

linoleic acid

A

essential fatty acid
-from fish

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15
Q

fat is oxidized in

A

mitochondria- fatty acids converted for energy- either released or stored for ATP

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16
Q

when carbs aren’t readily available goes to

A

fats then protein

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17
Q

prostaglandins

A

derivatives of fatty acids
-hormone LIKE in action
-found in almost every tissue- found where needed

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18
Q

all nucleated cells can produce

A

prostaglandins

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19
Q

ex. of prostaglandins

A

uterus: aid in contraction
stomach: aid in digestion
platelets: aid in coag
smooth muscle: help with muscle contractions

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20
Q

triglycerides structure

A

1 glycerol component attached to 3 fatty acids

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21
Q

95% of fat stored is

A

triglycerides (great energy reservoirs: long term)

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22
Q

where trig from

A

from diet and produced by liver

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23
Q

forms

A

from plants= polyunsaturated (cis form)
from animal meat= solid (trans form)

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24
Q

when trig metabolized from fatty acids break apart

A

fatty acid used for energy

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25
glycerol=
new triglycerides (protect vital organs)
26
increased trigs=
increased risk of heart attack, pancreatitis, memory loss, foggy brain, xantomas
27
triglycerides
BAD cholesterol
28
things that lead to increased trigs
cigarette smoking, obesity, higher carb intake, medications
29
how long do you need to fast for trig levels
12 hours
30
cholesterol
found in every cell 90% levels synthesized in liver
31
cholesterol esterifed amount
80%
32
cholesterol functions
cellular repair make and activate vitamin D precursor for many hormones recommend daily 300 mg average american 700 mg
33
cholesterol levels absorbed by
mucosal cells -- chylomicron
34
if serum looks milky and increased chylomicron is
#1 indicator did not fast
35
excess cholesterol forms
gallstones
36
gallstones are fixed by
surgery- removal of gallbladder
37
increased cholesterol liver (parents) can
inherit kids liver with increased cholesterol
38
what flushed out high cholesterol levels
plant sterols and mucosal cells
39
stain drugs
composed of plant sterols
40
after menopause women's cholesterol levels are
increased (estrogen and cholesterol the same)
41
normal cholesterol levels after fasting
<200
42
phospholipids structure
phosphorus group and 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule
43
make up majority of cell membrane
phospholipids
44
determine fetal lung maturity
lecithin
45
lecithin is stable to 35 weeks and after it
increased
46
what also measures lung maturity (constant throughout gestation)
sphingomyelin
47
sphingomyelin
produced in myeline sheath, surrong nerves
48
look at L/s ration for lung maturity
L- increased 35 weeks S- stays the same 2:1 Diabetic mom= 2.5:1
49
rare lipid storage disease
nieMann- Pick disease
50
what occurs in NieMann-pick disease
sphingomyelin accumulation in liver
51
lipoproteins layers
outer layer with apoprotein phospholipid free cholesterol Inner core: trig and cholesterol esters
52
function of lipoproteins
transport lipids throughout body and metabolize of lipids
53
subunits by density lipoproteins
chylomicron VLDL- very low density IDL- intermediate LDL HDL FFA- free fatty acids
54
chylomicron
-least dense ( float to top) doesn't move in electrophoresis -carry exogenous trig. -in circulation broken down by lipase SHOULD BE cleared 12 hours after meal
55
VLDL- very low density lipoprotein
-contains apo b - bad -carriers of endogenous trig -13% cholesterol VLDL- increase in Cho and trigs -can dump around body
56
IDL
not measured -short lived
57
LDL- low density lipoprotein
transport cholesterol most cholesterol rich
58
LDL transports cholesterol from liver to
tissues in the body
59
LDL is bad cholesterol because
particles are small and infiltrate into blood vessel walls and have plaque and macrophage foam cells
60
LDL levels
<100
61
HDL- high density lipoprotein
-main compent- protein GOOD cholesterol -want high levels >40 men >50 women removes excess cholesterol and takes to liver to be broken down APO A- good
62
apo lipoproteins
found in outer shell of lipoprotein -HYDROPHILLIC
63
enzymatic cofactors in lipid metabolism
Apo a- good; HDL b- bad; LDL and VLDL c- D- E- risk factor for alzheimer's disease; can clear cholesterol from brain and nerve tissue low values of E can't do the action
64
people with alz have
plaque buildup on nerve tissue
65
another method to see lipoproteins
electrophoresis
66
for lipid electro. specimen we want
serum or EDTA, fresh NO heparin or frozen (lipoproteins broken down) fast for 12 hours -not on medications for a couple of weeks
67
specimen for electro. goes into
buffer 8.6 and gives lipid negative charge to migrate
68
cellulose acetate
stain nice, easy to read
69
stain for lipids
oil red o sudan stain
70
cellulose acetate
point of origin (negative) migrate towards anode
71
electrophoresis pattern
negative chylomicron LDL VLDL HDL Positive
72
alpha region
HDL (good ch. finish first)
73
Pre beta range
VLDL
74
BEta range
LDL
75
chylomicron stay at point of origin
-seen only after eating so if seen either didn't fast or lipid disease
76
most analyzers calculate indirect LDL
based on other components
77
Fried Wald Formula
LDL= total cholesterol - (HDL + triglycerides/5) can't be used if chylomicron present pr trig >400
78
Chemical precipitation method
seperate only lipoproteins -most common HDL Heparin combined with manganese will precipitate out non-HDL shows only HDL
79
hyperlipoproteinemia
abnormal increase in 1 or more lipids (look for trigs or cholesterol)
80
artheriosclerosis
build up of cholesterol plaque will narrow blood vessels
81
atherosclerosis
large arteries harden
82
lipids (esterified cholesterol) gets deposited in artery walls
fatty acid streaks
83
fatty acid streaks
-excess fat get into macrophage become foam cells -plaque contain smooth muscle cells, lipids, fibrogenesis tissue and calcified components -block blood vessels, break off and rupture =thrombo hemolytic event
84
CRP
inflammation
85
plaque developing in blood vessels in arms and legs
peripheral vascular disorder
86
plaque around heart
corney heart diease
87
plaque around brain
cerebrovascular disease
88
identify lipid disorders
fredrickson classification scheme (based on serum and lab results)
89
chylomicrons: 1 and 5 hyperchylomicronemia
won't be cleared after fast serum= milky fat depoisted in tissues; spleen increase in VLDL, trigs low fat diets
90
type 2a and 2b
hypercholesterolemia
91
2a and 2b
homozygous and heterozygous inherited -connected to heart disease -genetic
92
2a
homozygous inherited; die teenager years with increase lipids cholesterol >100 always (LDL) Serum: clear
93
2b
ethnicity and kids inherit -defective LDL receptors- can't get to where need to be : dumped treatment: stain drugs and diet/ exercise
94
type 3 and 4
triglyceridemia secondary disorders -diabetes, pancreatic destruction serum: turbid/ milky
95
type 3 and 4 levels
increased LDL Increased VLDL- carry trig decreased HDL
96
type 3 and 4 treatment
1) statin drugs -prevent more cholesterol forming 2) low fat diet 3) nicin treatment -need high doses -lots of side effects -facial flushing
97
metabolic syndrome
cluster of different conditions when seen together have increased risk of heart attack or stroke
98
risks factors of metabolic syndrome
increased waist line >35 women >40 men -insulin resistent -PCOS -sleep apena -age if have any 5= metabolic syndrome
99
how to decrease metabolic syndrome
diet and exercise

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