Lipids

Question 1

terpenes

Answer 1

precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

built from isoprene (C5H8)

Question 2

isoprene

Answer 2

C5H8

Question 3

monoterpenes

Answer 3

C10H16

Question 4

sesquiterpenes

Answer 4

C15H24

contain 2 isoprenes

Question 5

diterpenes

Answer 5

C20H32

contains 4 isoprenes

Question 6

triterpenes

Answer 6

C30H48

contain 6 isoprenes

can be converted into cholesterol and various steroids

Question 7

tetaterpenes

Answer 7

C40H64

4 isoprenes

Question 8

steroids

Answer 8

metabolic derivative of terpenes

have 4 cycloalkane rings fused together - 3 cyclohexanes and 1 cyclopentane

super nonpolar

Question 9

steroid hormones

Answer 9

act as hormones because secreted by endocrine gland into blood stream
travel by protein carriers because nonpolar
can alter gene expression and regulate metabolism

includes testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, and cortisol

Question 10

cholesterol

Answer 10

important component of the phospholipid bilayer
mediates membrane fluidity
amphipathic
precursor for steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D

Question 11

prostaglandin

Answer 11

active lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid
unsaturated carboxylic acid
acts as a paracrine or autocrine signaling molecules
regulates cAMP
mediates smooth muscle function, sleep-wake cycle, and elevation of temperature

controls production of blood clots, blood flow, inflammation, and induction of labor
constricts blood vessels

Question 12

saponification

Answer 12

ester hydrolysis of triacylglyerols using strong base

makes soap

Question 13

soap

Answer 13

can act as surfactant which reduces surface tension
makes things collide
forms micelles

Question 14

micelles

Answer 14

hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside

fatty acids and bile salts secreted by the gallbladder form micelles that increase surface area availability

Question 15

what type of fatty acid increases fluidity?

Answer 15

unsaturated cis fatty acids because cause kink in the chain

remains liquid at room temperature

Question 16

trans configuration

Answer 16

E (opposite sides have highest priority)

Question 17

cis configuration

Answer 17

Z (same sides have highest priority)

Question 18

how do double bonds affect melting point

Answer 18

decrease melting point

Question 19

what occurs when triglycerides break down

Answer 19

separate into glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol can convert to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

fatty acids can be oxidized into acetyl-CoA (thru beta oxidation)

Question 20

what occurs when low glucose in the body?

Answer 20

triacylglycerides are broken down

fatty acids from triacylglycerides are oxidized to acetyl CoA which can convert into ketone bodies which can nourish the brain in replacement of glucose

glycerol from triacylglycerides can go into glycerol 3 phosphate and go through glycolysis

Question 21

What source of fuel provides the most energy?

Answer 21

fats!

Question 22

neutral phospholipids

Answer 22

have a positive polar group to balance out negative phosphate group

sphingosine
phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylcholine

Question 23

negative phospholipids

Answer 23

have neutral group combined with negative phosphate group

phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylinositol
diphosphatidylglyerol

Question 24

How can phospholipids be separated

Answer 24

mass, charge, and solubility

due to unique features in backbone, polar head groups, and fatty acid chain

Question 25

what is more soluble: charged or neutral head

Answer 25

charged head because they form H bonds lipids with long hydrocarbon chains have decreased solubility

Question 26

How does cholesterol act at high temperatures?

Answer 26

Maintains membrane rigidity and structure

Question 27

How does cholesterol act at low temperatures?

Answer 27

increases fluidity and prevents membrane from solidifying

Question 28

What is the best type of FA to increase membrane fluidity?

Answer 28

short unsaturated fatty acid tail

Question 29

What is the worst type of FA for membrane fluidity?

Answer 29

long saturated tails because will cause phospholipids to cluster (found in sphinogolipids)

Question 30

emulsification

Answer 30

process of bile salts breaking large lipid globules into smaller droplets (micelles) this increases surface area with hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside

Question 31

lipases

Answer 31

enzymes that digest certain emulsified lipids to facilitate their absorption

Question 32

hydrolyzable lipids

Answer 32

contain an ester bond which can be cleaved by lipase with addition of water triglycerols phospholipids sphingolipids waxes

Question 33

non-hydrolyzable lipids

Answer 33

do not have ester bond steroids prostaglandins fat soluble vitamins

Question 34

What is cholesterol a precursor for?

Answer 34

steroid hormones (aldosterone, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol), vitamin D, and bile salts

Question 35

What is leptin and insulin made of?

Answer 35

chain of amino acids

Question 36

signaling lipids

Answer 36

involved in signal transduction pathway or passing of information between and within cells divided into 2 categories: steroids and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 37

glycerophospholipids

Answer 37

have glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acid chains that have ester linkages and connected to R groups the third group is an Oxygen connected to a phosphate group and an X (polar head)

Question 38

sphingolipids

Answer 38

play a role in signal transduction and cell recognition particularly impact neural tissue

Question 39

triglycerides

Answer 39

composed of glycerol head group and three atty acid tails primarily used for energy storage in adipocytes

Question 40

bicelles

Answer 40

arrange lipids in lowest energy state by having hydrophobic portion protected on the inside form a disk like shape and contain a planar region in the middle where there is nothing

Question 41

fluid mosaic model

Answer 41

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of componenets - including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates- that gives the membrane a fluid character

Question 42

aquaporins

Answer 42

required for water to pass through cell membrane transmembrane channel that provides a polar environment for water molecules to pass through

Question 43

primary active transport

Answer 43

acquires energy through ATP hydrolysis ex: Na+/K+ pump

Question 44

secondary active transport

Answer 44

processes the unfavorable movement of a solute against its concentration gradient by simultaneously moving another solute (favorable) down its gradient symport and antiport

Question 45

symport

Answer 45

type of secondary active transport in which the favorable solute and unfavorable solute move in the same direction

Question 46

antiport

Answer 46

form of secondary active transport in which the favorable solute and unfavorable solute move in opposite directioins

Question 47

What has a higher boiling point: cis vs trans

Answer 47

cis has a higher boiling point

Question 48

what has a higher melting point: cis vs trans

Answer 48

trans has a higher melting point

Question 49

What will increase melting point in fatty acids

Answer 49

trans has a higher melting point than cis the melting point will increase with length of nonpolar, fatty acid tail

Question 50

What is the purpose of fatty acids?

Answer 50

constituents of complex membrane lipids stores fat in form of triglycerides precursors for synthesis of bioactive lipids

Question 51

fatty acid structure

Answer 51

has a hydrocarbon nonpolar, hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic (carboxylic acid) head so the molecule is amphipathic

Question 52

negatively charged glycophopholipids

Answer 52

serine | inositoldiphosphatidylglycerol