Lipids

Question 1

as carbon length increases…

Answer 1

melting point also increases

Question 2

the greater the unsaturated FA chains…

Answer 2

the greater the reduction of the melting point

Question 3

long chain saturated fatty acid is ____ at room temperature

Answer 3

solid

Question 4

example of long saturated FA

Answer 4

margarine, butter

Question 5

long chain unsaturated fatty acid is _____ at room temperature

Answer 5

liquid

Question 6

example of long unsaturated FA

Answer 6

vegetable oil
corn oil
olive oil

Question 7

organic compounds in living organisms that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

Answer 7

LIPIDS

Question 8

solvents that lipids dissolve in

Answer 8

benzene
chloroform
ether

Question 9

elements found in lipids

Answer 9

CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 10

what are the smallest molecules that make lipids?

Answer 10

glycerol

3 fatty acids

Question 11

glycerol composition

Answer 11

3 carbons

3 OH-groups

Question 12

any molecules with carboxyl group (-COOH) are considered _____.

Answer 12

acids

Question 13

acids w/ very long hydrocarbon chains attached

Answer 13

fatty acids

Question 14

what kind of reaction creates triglyceride lipid?

Answer 14

triple condensation bond

Question 15

what holds together triglyceride lipid?

Answer 15

3 esther bonds

Question 16

triglyceride lipid composition

Answer 16

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 17

FAtty Acid characteristics

Answer 17

• unbranched carbon chain
• even number of carbon atoms in carbon chain
• cis configuration double bonds

Question 18

cis configuration

Answer 18

acyl chains are on same side of bond

Question 19

trans configuration

Answer 19

acyl chains are on opposite side of bond

Question 20

example of trans configuration

Answer 20

elaidic acid - remains straight - due to presence of acyl chains on opposite side of bond

Question 21

hydrogenation of fatty acids produce _____.

Answer 21

trans fatty acids

Question 22

what is the effect of frequent use of the same oil when cooking?

Answer 22

accumulation of trans fatty acids in oil due to hydrogenation (addition of H2O)

Question 23

trans FAs increase risk of

Answer 23

CVD and DM

Question 24

normal recommended DAILY dietary intake of carbs, fats, proteins,

saturated, transfat

Answer 24

above 50% - carbs
30-35% - fats
10-15% - proteins

combined saturated and transfat MUST be less than 10%

Question 25

short chain FA

Answer 25

C4-C6

Question 26

MEDIUM CHAIN FA

Answer 26

C8-C10

Question 27

LONG CHAIN FA

Answer 27

C12-C26

Question 28

examples of simple FAs

Answer 28

neutral fats, oils waxes - lanolin, beeswax,carnauba, sperm whale oil, synthetic spermaceti

Question 29

classification of fatty acid that contains prosthetic groups in addition to alcohol and fat

Answer 29

complex FA

Question 30

subclassifications of complex FAs according to their prosthetic groups

Answer 30

phospholipid glycolipids other complex lipids - lipoproteins, sulfolipids, amino lipids

Question 31

phospholipids composition

Answer 31

(2) fatty acids, alcohol, lipids + PHOSPHORIC ACID RESIDUE nitrogen-containing bases

Question 32

examples of phospholipids

Answer 32

glycerophospholipids | sphingophospholipids

Question 33

cardiolipin

Answer 33

diphosphatidylglycerol

Question 34

cephalins

Answer 34

phosphatadylethanolamine

Question 35

lecithin

Answer 35

phosphatidylcholines

Question 36

main constituent of membrane

Answer 36

phospholipids

Question 37

most abundant phospholipids of cell membrane

Answer 37

phosphatidylcholine

Question 38

choline plays a role in...

Answer 38

nervous transmission

Question 39

what is the major constituent of surfactant in lungs?

Answer 39

dipalmitoyl lecithin

Question 40

precursor of second messengers (i.e calcium)

Answer 40

phosphatidylinositol

Question 41

major lipid of mitochondrial membranes

Answer 41

diphosphatidylglycerol

Question 42

glycolipids composition

Answer 42

FA + alcohol[sphingosine) + carb w/ nitrogen base DO NOT CONTAIN PHOSPHATE glycosphingolipids

Question 43

lipids mostly found in the brain and is believed to play an important role in growth of brain in infants

Answer 43

glycolipids

Question 44

in what part of plasma membrane can we find glycolipids?

Answer 44

outer leaflet of plasma membrane

Question 45

examples of glycolipids

Answer 45

galactoceramides glucosylceramides gangliosides cerebrosides

Question 46

major glycolipids of brain/nervous tissue

Answer 46

galactosylceramides

Question 47

lipids found in extraneural tissues

Answer 47

glucosylceramides

Question 48

complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide + sialic acid

Answer 48

ganglioside

Question 49

type of FAs that contain bonds

Answer 49

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 50

fatty acids with one double bond

Answer 50

monounsaturated FAs

Question 51

FAs w/ 2 or more double bonds

Answer 51

polyunsaturated FAs

Question 52

FAs w/ NO double bonds

Answer 52

saturated FAs (all carbon molecules are saturated w/ hydrogen molecules)

Question 53

composed of 20-carbon polyenoic FAs

Answer 53

eicosanoids

Question 54

eicosanoids are precursors to

Answer 54

prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes), leukotrienes, lipoxins important inflammatory agents

Question 55

what is the omega-6-fatty acid?

Answer 55

linoleic acid (18:2)

Question 56

what is the omega-3-fatty acid?

Answer 56

alpha-linolenic acid (18:3)

Question 57

what essential PUFA is important in premature babies and can be formed from linoleic acid?

Answer 57

arachidonic acid

Question 58

what foods are high in unsaturated fats?

Answer 58

plants

Question 59

what foods are high in saturated fats?

Answer 59

animals

Question 60

fat content of tree nuts and peanuts

Answer 60

strong protective effect against CHD antioxidant vits, minerals, plant fiber protein low carb

Question 61

fats serve as surfactants by?

Answer 61

reducing surface tension

Question 62

FAs that are slightly soluble in water

Answer 62

short chain FAs

Question 63

why are long chain FAs insoluble?

Answer 63

presence of nonpolar hydrocarbon chain

Question 64

why are long chain saturated FAs solid at RT?

Answer 64

greater intermolecular attractions b/w fatty acid molecules

Question 65

why are long chain unsaturated FAs liquid at RT?

Answer 65

decreases molecular attractions b/w carbon chains

Question 66

main storage forms of FAs

Answer 66

triglycerides (esters of trihydric alcohol glycerol and FA)

Question 67

what is the major constituent of plasma membrane and plasma lipoproteins?

Answer 67

cholesterol

Question 68

precursor to a large number of steroids?

Answer 68

cholesterol

Question 69

richest sources of dietary cholesterol

Answer 69

egg yolk, mayonnaise, shell fish

Question 70

cholesterol free sources

Answer 70

``` all veggies vegetable oils fruits nuts rice egg white sugar ```