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Biol 2700 > Lipids And Membranes 2 > Flashcards

Lipids And Membranes 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Recall that we learnt that lipids are non polar and don’t dissolve in water if they have more then 6C, meaning 7C or above are unsoluable in water. So what are the three structures that lipids or glycerophospholipids make in the water solution?

A

They can form three structures
1-micelle
2-bilayer
3- vesicle/liposome cell

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2
Q

Compare and contrast between the three forms.

A

MICELLE. BILAYER. VESCICLES
Shape of individual unit Wedge shaped. Cylindrical with two FA tails. Cylindrical with two FA tails
Size of cross section. CS of head > side chain. =. =

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3
Q

Draw the glycerophospholipids with the different heads

A
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4
Q

We will now talk about a brief history of glycerophospholipids. Which category do you think glycerophospholipids fall under

A

Phospholipase

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5
Q

Diving deep into the structure of glycerophospholipids , how many parts does this lipid consists pf ?

A

4
2 FA chain -A1 and A2
A phosphate group- C
A small head- D

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6
Q

Explain how phospholipases play a role in the body

A

Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 bisohosphate ——> diacylglycerol + 145 inositol triphosphate
Both are secondary messenger- regulate enzyme activity
Arachidonic acid , is a omega 6 Fatty acid, released by A2- precursor to thromboxanes,, prostaglandins, leukoteriens -inflammation, fever, pain , repro

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7
Q

Draw the phophotidylinositol 4 5 bisohosphate , diacylglycerol, inositol 1 4 5 triphosphate

A
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8
Q

Sphingolipid are derived from

A

Sphingosine

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9
Q

Draw the structure of sphingosin

A
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10
Q

Recall recently , we talked about the function of phospholipase, compare the functions of both membrane lipid

A

BOTH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MEMBRANES
Glycerophospholipids
Phosphate group acts as a ligand
Regulate fever, inflammation, pain and reproduction

Sphingolipid
Imp to mem of plants and animals
Brain and PNS

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11
Q

How many parts does sphingolipids have ?

A

3
Sphingosine
Fatty acid
Head group

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12
Q

Describe the bonds between the 3 parts?

A

Sphingosine —amide bond— fatty acid = ceramide
Sphingosine attached to head group by Oxygen/ester bond

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13
Q

Draw the general structure of sphingolipid

A
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14
Q

What are the three classes of ceramide. And what is the difference between these 3 types?

A

Only the head molecule differs
Sphingomyelin
Glycosphingolipids
Gangliosides

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15
Q

Draw the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A
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16
Q

Compare between sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A

Similarities
No charge
Both have phosphate and choline
Phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

Differences btw sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

A
  • sphingomyelin has an amine group
    -sphingomyelin has an amide bond instead of ester bond
  • sm has only 2 alcohol groups
    -sm has an embedded hydrocarbon chain (part of sphingosine)
  • sm has only 1 Fatty acid tail attached by amide bond
  • sm has a trans double bond in the embedded hydrocarbon chain
    PHOSPHOTIDYLCHOLINE
    -pc has no amine group
    -pc has ester bonds
    -pc has 3OH groups
    -pc doesnt have an embedded hc chain but has the phosphate as a part of glycerol
    -pc has two FA tails
    -pc doesn’t have any double bond embedded in the general structure, there may or may not be double bond in the fa tails
    -the fa tails differ for both
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18
Q

What head does a Glycosphingolipids has?

A

Sugar head molecule and neutral

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19
Q

What are the two types of Glycosphingolipids?

A

1- cerebrosides - the head molecule is made of only one sugar unit
2- globosides-the head molecule has more then 1 sugar unit

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20
Q

Functions of Glycosphingolipids

A

On the surface of PM - cell cell recognition
On the surface of RBC - ANTIGENS - determines the blood group

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21
Q

What head molecule does a ganglioside have ?

A

It is complex
- charge
Head molecule - oligosacharide (similar to Glycosphingolipids)

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22
Q

What is the ovligosacharide in ganglioside made of ?

A

Residues of N acetylneuraminic acid and a sialic acid at the termini

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23
Q

Compare and contrast between Glycosphingolipids and ganglioside

A

Both have sugar units as head molecules
Glyco has no charge
Gang has - charge and is complex

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24
Q

Compare and contrast between sphingomyelin and Glycosphingolipids

A

Both have no charge
Sp have a choline head molecule and phosphate attached through a phosphodiester bond
Glyco and gang have glycosidic bonds and sugar units as head molecules

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25
Earlier we discussed the functions of Glycosphingolipids, what is the function of ganglioside
It is negatively charged - limit transport through plasma membrane May help in ion movement by transmembrane potential (Same can be applied to other negatively charged groups ) Sialic acid is found on surface of resp cells and may help protect against resp viruses
26
Name the main components in our body that is made of lipids
Vitamins Coenzymes Steroids
27
Name the 3 types of vitamins
Vit D3 Vit E Vit K
28
Vit D3 aLso know as..
Cholecalciferol
29
How are Vit D3 formed
Formed by skin by uV induced photochemical rxns on 7- dehydrocholestrol
30
Functions and deficiency.
Regulate the ca level in kidneys, intestines and bones Ca needed for exocytosis, muscle contraction and bones formation Can cause rickets - week bones
31
Vit E are also called..
They are a closely related family of lipids called tocopherols They are compounds with substituted aromatic rings and isprenoid chains
32
Functions and deficiencies
Acts as biological antioxidants - the oxygen radicals on aromatic rings prevents non enzymatic oxidation of lipids as this changes the structure of lipids. Deff causes sterility and muscle weakness
33
Vit k
They are closely related family of lipids with different unsaturated chains attached to napthoquinone
34
Function and deff of vk
Acts as co factor for blood clotting Deff- causes the inability to form prothrombin, a precursor required for blood clotting
35
What are the two types of co enzymes
1- ubiquinone or coenzyme Q 2-plastoquinone
36
Ubiquinone and plastoquinone
U is an e carrier Two carbonyl grouos get oxidizes giving e to complex 3 and 2 They are hydrophobic therefore can travel through membrane P- hydrophobic and can transport through membrane
37
Why are there a variety of rhodopsin
So that we can cover the range of light energies B- Wavelength max =440 G- Wmax = 530 Y- Wmax = 570
38
Rhodopsin subunit
1 alpha 1 beta
39
What are the two types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer
1- peripheral 2- integral
40
What are the three types pf integral membrane proteins?
Transverse membrane - single alpha helix Transverse membrane -4,12 a helixes 8-16 B strands form a giant B barrel(porins)
41
Why can some molecules go past the phospholipid bilayer membrane and some cant ?
Non polar readily dissolve in bilayer- hydrophobic Small can easily pass And if water and o2 required energy to pass, they are fundamental and we need a lot of them and would need lot of biomolecules and energy to let them pass.
42
Examples of molecules that can pass
O2, ch4,h2o, n2
43
Which cant pass the membrane?
Charged and small Uncharge and large eg glucose
44
How can the molecules go inside the cell , if they cant directly pass through the membrane?
Pump- AT Carries/channel proteins-PT Carrier proteinstypes 1- uniteansport - transport 1 type of molecule in one direction 2-co transport- transport of 2 molecules Symport - in same direction Antiport- different direction
45
What type of transport is FACILITATED TRANSPORT
Passive trnsport
46
Describe facilitated transport
The molecules use the carriers/channel/permease/transporter proteins To move from high concentration to low concentration gradient untill eq reached Moving dow the gradient lowers activation energy Therfeore no atp/energy req
47
What are the examples of facilitated transportation
Glucose permeate Chloride bicarbonate
48
About glucose permease
Transports glucose From outside to inside only 12 a helixes and multi span protein 50000 faster then simple diffusion
49
Describe how one molecule of glucose can transport into the cell
Through glucose permease in RBC One glucose molecule binds to the transporter Changes conformation Opens inside Release Release changes conformation back to normal
50
Explain chloride bicarbonate facilitated diffusion.
So these are on RBC Co2 enters repiring tissues, co2( less soluble in blood) —-> hco2- (more soluble) Hco2- leaves the cell, and 1 cl- comes in to maintain membrane potential The hco2 enters the lungs, cl- leaves the lungs, converted to co2
51
What is active transport and what are the two types?
The movement of ions up the concentration gradient Primry active transport Secondary active transport
52
What is primary active transport
The transport is directly coupled by an exergonic reaction eg ATP—>ADp
53
What is secondary active transport?
An ionic gradient is set by active transport , the ion going down the conc grad , providing energy to transport another molecule against its conc grad
54
Give an example of primary transport
Na k ATPas
55
Gove example of secondary transport
Glucose transport into the epithelial cells Lactose uptake in ecoli
56
Explain how Na+ k+ Atpase pump works
High conc of Na inside High conc of K outside Atpase pumps 3Na outside Pumps 2k into the cell Causing a transmembrane gradient, + outside Cotransport , antitransport
57
Explain the glucose intake in epithelial cells
Ionic gradient of na + made using the atpase pump. Na moves out of the cell (low to high affinity) Gradient of glucose by uniport, glucose goes out of the cell , (high to low) The na moves down it con gradient Provides energy to co transport (symport) glucose againt its conc gradient
58
Lactose uptake in e coli
H+ pump pumps h+ outside the cell (fuel turned to co2) H+ comes in via latose transporter (down conc gradient) provides energy and moves lactose into the celll (against conc gradient)
59
What are ion channels or voltage gatted channels?
Any channels that open or close due to the rapid change in transmembrane gradient caused by stimulus
60
Function of atpase
Mainstanins the cells resting membrane potential Help build gradoent for the transportation of other molecules
61
Function of ion channels
Signal excitation Transport of signals along the neurons Muscle contraction
62
Describe how ion channel works?
K+ wither hydrating water molecules Water filled vestibule causes hydration of k+ Backbone carbonyl oxygen form cage that fits k+ precisely Helix dipole stabilizes k+ Alternating k+ sites occupied

Biol 2700 (8 decks)

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