Lipids and proteins- part of Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are lipids?

Answer 1

Lipids are a different form of carbohydrate and proteins because they are not polymers made from a chain of monomers

Question 2

What are lipids made up of?

Be vague

Answer 2

They are made up of a variety of different components but all are made up of hydrocarbons.

Question 3

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

A hydrocarbon is a molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

Question 4

What are the two types of lipid?

Answer 4

A triglyceride and a phospholipid

Question 5

Triglycerides

What are triglycerides made from?

Answer 5

They are made from one glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached onto it

Question 6

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW HOW TO DRAW THE GENERAL STRCUTURE OF A TRIGLYCERIDE

Answer 6

——– DRAW IT OUT NOW TO PRACTICE

Question 7

What are the fatty acid tails made up of?

Answer 7

They are long tails made up of hydrocarbons

Question 8

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF A GLYCEROL MOLECULE

Answer 8

DRAW IT OUT NOW WITH ANY LABELS

Question 9

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE STRCTURE OF A FATTY ACID TAIL

Answer 9

DRAW IT OUT NOW WITH ANY LABELS

Question 10

What are two ways that fatty acids can be made?

Answer 10

Fatty acids are possible to make but others have to be ingested to make them this makes them ‘‘essential’’ fatty acids.

Question 11

What are ‘‘essential’’ fatty acids?

Answer 11

These are fatty acids that cant just be made, they have to be ingested to be made and this makes them ‘‘essential’’

Question 12

Fatty acids

Draw the diagram that shows that the carboxyl group is an acid and how it forms a H+ molecule

Answer 12

Also remember to add labels

Question 13

When is an acid termed an acid?

Answer 13

A acid is term an acid when it produces H+ ions

Question 14

What are the two types of fatty acid?

Answer 14

Saturated and unsaturated

Question 15

Draw out a unsaturated fatty acid chain

Answer 15

include labels

Question 16

Draw out a saturated fatty acid chain

Answer 16

include labels

Question 17

What atoms is the double bond between in a unsaturated fatty acid molecule?

Answer 17

The two carbon ions

Question 18

What is the unsaturated chin called if there is only one double bond?

Answer 18

Monounsaturated

Question 19

What is the unsaturated chain called if there is more than one double bond?

Answer 19

polyunsaturated

Question 20

What do double bonds cause the chains to do?

Answer 20

Kink they are never straight

Question 21

What does it mean if the chain is fully saturated?

Answer 21

They have been fully saturated by hydrogen ions

Question 22

What is the name of the bond between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid?

Answer 22

An ester bond

Question 23

What reaction forms an ester bond (triglyceride)?

Answer 23

A condensation reaction

Question 24

Draw out how a triglyceride is formed

Answer 24

include labels and what bond is formed and what type of reaction occurs

Question 25

Explain how triglycerides are good sources of energy

Answer 25

A lot of energy is released when they are broken down so when you hydrolyse the ester bonds and break the triglyceride into glycerol and 3 fatty acids energy is released

Question 26

Explain how triglycerides are a good energy store

Answer 26

They are insoluble so they can store fats In cells without them affecting water potential as if they were to lower the water potential water would move into the cell by osmosis and cause it to swell. Also, triglycerides have a low mass : energy ratio so they are very light but still store a lot of energy.

Question 27

Explain how triglycerides are useful to animals

Answer 27

Fats help animals to float - buoyancy Fats also provide heat as animals such as seals are surrounded to keep them warm in extreme temperatures and for hibernation Fats are also useful for mechanical protection as they surround the kidneys to help protect them.

Question 28

After triglycerides have be hydrolysed into glycerol and 3 fatty acids what can they be the used for?

Answer 28

Glycerol----> CO2+O2---> Energy------>ATP | fatty acids---->CO2+O2----> Energy ---->ATP

Question 29

Phospholipids | What are phospholipids?

Answer 29

They are a lipid found in the cell membrane and act as a bilayer (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 30

Draw a phospholipid molecule

Answer 30

Include labels

Question 31

How are phospholipids similar to triglycerides?

Answer 31

They are very similar in structure but the difference is that a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid.

Question 32

Name a property of the phosphate group of a phospholipid

Answer 32

They are hydrophilic so they attract water and they interact with the water on the outside of the cell

Question 33

Draw the structure the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 33

Add labels

Question 34

Name a property of the hydrocarbon fatty acid tails

Answer 34

They are hydrophobic so they repel water and point inwards.- due to this it makes it very hard for water soluble molecules to pass through the plasma membrane - acts as a barrier `

Question 35

Proteins | What is the monomer of a protein?

Answer 35

Amino acids

Question 36

Dipeptide- | polypeptide-

Answer 36

Dipeptide- formed when two amino acids are joined | Polypeptide- formed when more than two amino acids are joined.