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Lipids and Proteins spec Flashcards

(25 cards)

1
Q

What are the 2 groups of lipids

A

Triglycerides anf phospholipids

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2
Q

What are lipids

A

varried group of substances that share the following characteristics:
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
insoluble in water
soluble in organic solvents

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3
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

by condensation reactions of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

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4
Q

what does a condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid form
what bond

A

An ester bond (RCOOH)

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5
Q

the R-group of a fatty acid can be what?

A

saturated or unsaturated

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6
Q

Phospholipids what is substituted

A

one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate- containing group

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7
Q

what is the emulsion test

A

-take a completly dry and greese free test tube
-to the sample add ethanol
-shake throughly to disolve any lipid in the sample
-add water and shake gently
-a milky-white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid
-as a control, repeat the procedure using water instead of the sample, the final solution should remain clear

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8
Q

Roles of lipids

A

-cell membranes
-source of energy
-waterproofing
-insulation
-protection

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9
Q

Triglycerides structure

A

they have three fatty acids combined with glycerol
each fatty acid forms an ester bond with glycerol in a condensation reaction
hydrolyis therfore produces glycerol and three fatty acids

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10
Q

Saturated triglyceride

A

there are no double bonds between carbon atoms
they tend to be solid as the chains can lie close together

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11
Q

Unsaturated triglyceride- mono-unsaturated

A

single double bond between carbon atoms
tend to be oils- liquid due to the ‘kinks’ in the chain

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12
Q

unsaturated triglyceride- polyunsaturated

A

if more than one double bond is present between carbon atoms
oils - liquid as the chains cant lie close together due to the ‘kinks’

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13
Q

The structure of triglycerides relates to their properties which are:

A

-high ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds to carbon atoms so good source of energy
-low mass to energy ratio- good storage molecules- small
-large non- polar molecules, insoluble so storage doesn’t effect osmosis or water potential
-high ratio og hydrogen-oxygen atoms, sso they release water when oxidised so provide an important source of water especially for organisms livining in dry desert conditions

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14
Q

Phospholipids

A

simillar to lipids except one fatty acid molecule is replaced bay a phosphate molecule
two parts to them a head and tail

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15
Q

phospholipid head

A

hydrophillic (attracted to water but not fats)
polar part of the phospholipid

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16
Q

Phospholipid tail

A

hydrophobic (oreintates itself away from water but mixes readily with fat)
non-polar part of the phospholipid

17
Q

The structure of phospholipids related to their properties

A
  • polar molecules , hydrophillic phosphate head and a hydrophpbic tail- this creates a bi-layer acting as a hydrophobic barrier between the inside and outside of a cell
  • hydrophillic head help to hold at the surface of the cell-surface membrane
18
Q

Proteins

A

very large molecules made up of amino acids

19
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

basic monomer unit which combine to make a polymer called a polypeptide
polypeptides are then combined to form proteins
has a central carbon atom to which an amino group, carboxyl group (-COOH), hydrogen atom and a R group is all attached

20
Q

The formation of a peptide bond

A

condensation reaction between monomers of amino acids.
The water removal is made by combining an -OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and a -H from the amino group of another amino acid

21
Q

The primary structure of proteins

A

series of condensation reactions, amino acid monomers join together in a proccess called polymerisation this results in a long chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. The number, type and sequence of amino acids forms the primary structure of a protein.

22
Q

The secondary stdructure of a protein

A

the shapes which polypeptide chains form. Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

23
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A

3D folded shapes by various bonding:
disulphide bridges- fairly strong so not easily broken
Ionic bonds formeed between any carboxyl and amino group that are not involved in forming peptide bonds. they are weaker so break more eaily
Hydrogen bonds- lots of them but easily broken

24
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

the combination of different polypeptide chains
two or more chains

25
Test for proteins
buiret test place solution in a test tube and add an eqaul volume of sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature add a few drops of very dilute copper ii sulphate and mix gently a purple colouration indicates the presence of peptide bonds and hence a protein. if no protein is present the solution will remain blue