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MBIOS 303 > LIPIDS (Chapter 10) > Flashcards

LIPIDS (Chapter 10) Flashcards

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1
Q

What roles do lipids play in living organisms?

A
  1. Storage Lipids
  2. Structural - membranes
  3. Signal molecules
  4. Light absorbing pigments
  5. Enzyme cofactors
    6.Electron Carriers
    7.Hydrophobic anchors for proteins
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2
Q

Provide Examples of lipids:

Storage lipids

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Waxes
  • Oils
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3
Q

Provide Examples of lipids:

Structural lipids (membranes)

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Sterols
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4
Q

Provide Examples of lipids:

Signal molecules

A
  • Hormones
  • Intracellular messengers
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5
Q

Fatty acids have a ____ oxidation state

A

Low

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6
Q

What characteristics do fatty acids have?

A
  • Saturated OR unsaturated
  • Branched OR unbranched
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7
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated - No kink
Unsaturated - kink (double bond)

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8
Q

What is the general formula and pKa range of fatty acids?

A

R-COOH
pKa ~4.5 - 5.0

R = hydrocarbon chain (CH chain)

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9
Q

Which type of fatty acid will have a double bond between C-9 and C-10 (∆9)?

A

Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAS)

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10
Q

Which type of fatty acid will have a double bond between ∆12 and ∆15?

A

Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

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11
Q

What separates PUFAs?

A

Methylene group

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12
Q

Which configuration do unsaturated fatty acids naturally occur in?

A

Cis configuration

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13
Q

What affects the secondary structure for fatty acids?

A

Double bonds

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14
Q

What does the structure of Fatty Acids affect?

A

The properties of the Lipid

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15
Q

[18:2(∆9,12)] Which statement regarding linoleic acid is false?

A. It has one carboxylic acid functional group.
B. It has two double bonds.
C. It has 20 carbons.
D. It has a C–C double bond between carbons 9 and 10.

A

C - A simple nomenclature of unbranched fatty acids specifies the chain length and number of double bonds, separated by a colon. Linoleic acid has 18 carbonds with x2 double bonds, one between C-9 and C-10, and another between C-12 and C-13

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16
Q

1.Provide an example of an Omega-3 fatty acid. 2.What is it’s function in the body?

A
  1. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid C22:6)
  2. Visual + neurological development; cell membranes (retinal cell and neural cell); rhodopsin generation in eyes.
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17
Q

Describe two situations where the supplimentation of Omega-3 fatty acids could be benificial.

A
  1. Pregnancy: reduce risk of premature birth and low birth weight.
  2. Type-2 diabetes mellitus, where person has elevated triglyceride.
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18
Q

Which fatty acid can replace saturated fatty acids in order to lower total cholesterol?

A

Omega-6

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19
Q

Provide an example of an Omega-6 Fatty Acid and it’s function in the body.

A

Eicosanoids (Autocrine molecules)
- postagladins
- thromoboxanes
- leukotrienes

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20
Q

Describe the functions of each Eicosanoid related to Omega-6 Fatty Acids.

A
  • prostagladins -> inflammation, digestion, reproduction
  • thromboxanes -> blood clotting, vasoconstriction
  • leukotrienes -> blood vessel fluid leakage, white blood cell cheno-attractant
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21
Q
  1. What is the main role of PUFAs? 2. Describe how it achieves this.
A
  1. Regulates metabolism
    - Fatty acid metabolism
    - Interacts with transcription factors (gene expression)
    - Inflammation
    - Acts like hydrophobic hormones
    - Maintains membrane integrity (temp adaptation)
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22
Q

What is considered the ω carbon in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

The carbon of the methyl group.

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23
Q

What is an imbalance of ω6 and ω3 PUFAs associated with?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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24
Q

Provide examples of foods containing Omega-6 fatty acids.

A
  • Wild caught salmon
  • Sunflower oil
  • Eggs
  • Flaxeed
  • Grass-fed meat
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25
Provide examples of foods containing **Omega-3** fatty acids.
- Mackerel - Anchovies - Oysters - Flaxeed - Chia - Walnuts
26
1. Which foods are associated with **Trans fats**? 2. What is the reccomended daily intake?
1. Deep fried foods, baked goods (made with partially hydrogenated oils) 2. < 5-7 g
27
1. What effect does partial hydrogenation have on the structure of fats?
-Hydrogenating bonds are hydrogenated -Remaining double bonds change from** cis -> trans**
28
What is the goal of hydrogenating fats?
- Improve shelf life - increases melting point (solidifies oils) - texture
29
What are the **problems** associated with **trans fats**?
- Raise levels of triacylglycerols and LDL in blood = increased risk of coronary heart disease - activates inflammitary responses. - cause oinsulin resistance - raise level of circulating lipids in blood
30
Describe the configuration of trans fatty acids
Fatty acids with double bonds in the **trans** configuration
31
Describe the types of fats we should be eating
- MUFAs and PUFAs instead of saturated fatty acids - Optimal dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs in between 1:1 and 4:1 - Avoid trans fats (health defects) - moderation is most important in fat consumption
32
With regards to charge, how is fat stored?
neutral - Triacylglycerols
33
Describe the structure and characteristics of a Triacylglycerol
- x3 fatty acids esterfied to a glycerol. - non-polar - Insoluble in water
34
Where is fat stored in the body?
Adipocytes
35
Provide two examples of **neutral** fats:
- Triglycerides - Triacylglycerols
36
# What are the three advantages of triacylglycerols as storage fuels? 1 - (a)____ atoms of fatty acids are more (b) ____ than those of (c) ____ , therefore (d) ____ of fatty acids yields (e) ______
a: Carbon b: reduced c: sugars d: oxidation e: more energy
37
# What are the three advantages of triacylglycerols as storage fuels? Triacylglycerols are (a) ____ and (b) ____, which means there is no accumulation of extra water weight compared to (c) ____
a: hydrophobic b: unhydrated c: polysaccharides
38
# What are the three advantages of triacylglycerols as storage fuels? Provides (a) ____ against low temperatures
a: insulation
39
What are the degradation products of fatty acids?
CO2 and H2O
40
# Triacylglycerols A. always have at least one fatty acid with a trans double bond. B. consist of glycerol and three different fatty acids. C. consist of glycerol and three identical fatty acids. D. are a major energy storage form.
D: Tryacylglycerols are primarily used for storing energy and providing insulation in animals
41
What is the process used un soap making?
Alkaline hydrolysis
42
Describe the structure of Waxes
Long chain FA (C14-36) with long chain alcohol (C16-30)
43
What are the roles of waxes?
1. Energy storage 2. Water repellent (feathers) 3. Evaporation barrier 4. Lubricant
44
Describe the structure of Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids Glycerol + 2 FAs attached to C1 and C2 C3 has a phosphate group → Phosphatidic acid
45
Where can you find Sphingolipids?
Plant and animal membranes
46
Describe the structure of Sphingolipids
-No glycerol -Sphingosine in place of glycerol + 2 FA in amide linkage (Ceramide)
47
Which Sphingolipid is most abundant in the myelin sheath of nerve cells?
Sphingomyelin
48
# Three subclasses of sphingolipids based on ceramide Which headgroup is present to create the following subclasses of sphingolipids? a. Sphingomyelin b. Neutral, uncharged glycolipids c. Gangliocides
a. Phosphocholine b. Glucose c. Complex carbohydrates
49
Which lipids determine blood type?
Ganglisides
50
Which type of lipid is composed of isoprene units?
Isoprenoids
51
Which subclass of Isoprenoids is used in the perfume industry?
Terpenes
52
(a) ____ is an important steroid in the body, which is a subclass of (b) ____
a. Cholesterol b. Isoprenoids
53
Steroids are a derivative of (a) ____ with (b) ____ (number) fused rings
a. Titerpene b. Four
54
Cholesterol is a component of?
All membranes
55
Cholesterol is a precursor of (a), (b) and (c)
a. Vitamin D b. Steroid hormones c. Bile Salts
56
Where is cholesterol most important in the body?
-Myelinated structures in the brain -Outer membrane of mitochondira
57
Cholesterol is amphiphatic/ampiphillic and hydrophobic/hydrophillic?
Ampiphatic Hydrophobic
58
Role of steroid hormones
Regulate gene expression
59
# Important What are Bile Acids and what are their role in the body?
- **Polar** derivatives of cholesterol - Emulsify dietary fats in the intestine to make them more readily accessable to digestive lipases
60
Which statement regarding cholesterol is false? A. It is the precursor for steroid hormones. B. It is the precursor for bile acids. C. It is usually a component of eukaryotic membranes. D. It has a hydrophilic functional group. E. All are correct
D

MBIOS 303 (5 decks)

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