LIPIDS CHEMISTRY PART II

Question 1

What are esters of fatty acids containing other groups with alcohol and a fatty acid?

Answer 1

complex lipids.

Question 2

complex lipids are made up of?

Answer 2

fatty acids with alcohol containing other groups like phosphate, nitrogenous base, carbohydrate, proteins etc.

Question 3

The 3 groups of complex lipids are?

Answer 3

1.glycolipids
2.phospholipids
3.lipoproteins

Question 4

phospholipids are made up of

Answer 4

F.A + Alcohol + Phosphate +nitrogenous base.

Question 5

Glycolipids are made up of

Answer 5

F.A + Alcohol + Carbohydrate.

Question 6

Lipoproteins are made up of

Answer 6

Lipid + Proteins

Question 7

In glycerophospholipids alcohol is

Answer 7

Glycerol

Question 8

In sphingophospholipids alcohol is

Answer 8

sphingosine

Question 9

phospholipids are present mainly in the

Answer 9

liver, brain and also blood, myelin sheath of nerves is rich with phospholipids.

Question 10

what all contains phospholipids.

Answer 10

Ever animal and plants cell contains.

Question 11

The membranes bounding cells and subcellular organelles are mainly composed of

Answer 11

phospholipids.

Question 12

Phospholipids are components of the lipoprotein coat essential for

Answer 12

secretion and transport of plasma lipoprotein complexes.

Question 13

Phospholipids are lipotropic agents that prevent

Answer 13

Fatty liver.

Question 14

Phospholipids are Important in digestion and absorption of _____________ and excretion of ____________.

Answer 14

digestion and absorption of neutral lipids and excretion of cholesterol in the bile.

Question 15

Important function of Phospholipids are.

Answer 15

blood clotting and platelet aggregation.

Question 16

phospholipids have ________ across the cell membrane.

Answer 16

single transduction

Question 17

phospholipids are source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for synthesis of

Answer 17

eicosanoids

Question 18

In what Phospholipids are found in in the form of lecithin’s.

Answer 18

All cells, milk, and egg yolk.

Question 19

Phospholipids classified into 2 groups according to the type of alcohol present in it they are?

Answer 19

A-Glycerophospholipids.
B-Sphingophospholipids.

Question 20

Sphingophospholipids also named as

Answer 20

Sphingomyelins.

Question 21

Glycerophospholipids are the simplest type of phospholipids and include:

Answer 21

1.Phosphatidic acids
2.Lecithins
3.Cephalins
4.Plasmalogens
5.Inositides
6.Cardiolipin

Question 22

Lung surfactant is an example of_________ and produced by ____________

Answer 22

glycerophospholipid, produced by type II alveolar cells.

Question 23

how does Lung surfactant do work to the body?

Answer 23

It lowers alveolar surface tension and improves gas exchange besides activating macrophages to kill pathogens.

Question 24

in premature babies if they didn’t get proper lung surfactant what will be they will sufferr from

Answer 24

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 25

________________increase the synthesis of the surfactant complex and promote differentiation of lung cells.

Answer 25

Glucocorticoids

Question 26

what contain carbohydrate residues with sphingosine as the alcohol and a very long-chain fatty acid

Answer 26

Glycolipids

Question 27

Glycolipids are present in_________ and it also called as____________.

Answer 27

cerebral tissue and called as cerebrosides.

Question 28

glycolipids classified into how many according to number and nature of the carbohydrate residues present in it?

Answer 28

classified into 3 they are cerebrosides, sulfatides, gangliosides.

Question 29

Cerebrosides, Sulfatides, Gangliosides are contained of what?

Answer 29

Cerebrosides - have one galactose molecule Sulfatides - They are cerebrosides with sulfate on the sugar (sulfated cerebrosides). Gangliosides - have several sugar and sugar-amine residues.

Question 30

what are transported in the blood as lipoproteins.

Answer 30

Triglycerides and cholesterol.

Question 31

Lipoproteins are named according to their

Answer 31

density, which increases with the percentage of protein in the particle.

Question 32

write composition of lipoproteins from least dense to most dense.

Answer 32

Chylomicrons < very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) < intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) < low-density lipoproteins (LDL) < high-density lipoproteins ( HDL)

Question 33

write composition of lipoproteins from least dense to most dense.

Answer 33

Chylomicrons < very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) < intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) < low-density lipoproteins (LDL) < high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 34

Lipoproteins are present in

Answer 34

cell membrane, mitochondria and plasma.

Question 35

In lipoproteins Protein fractions are called as__________ and they include__________

Answer 35

apolipoproteins, apo A, B48, B100,C ,D and E

Question 36

Chylomicrons transfer ________________ from the intestine to the liver.

Answer 36

dietary triglycerides

Question 37

VLDL and LDL transfer _______________ from the liver to the rest of the body.

Answer 37

cholesterol

Question 38

HDL transfer _______________ from the tissues back to the liver for disposal.

Answer 38

excess cholesterol

Question 39

High LDL level is associated with ______________ & High HDL level protect against ____________.

Answer 39

coronary heart diseases, coronary heart diseases

Question 40

Derived lipids are Derived from

Answer 40

simple or compound lipids by hydrolysis or precursors of lipids.

Question 41

Steroids constitute an important class of __________.

Answer 41

biological compounds.

Question 42

Steroids are usually found in ____________.

Answer 42

association with fat.

Question 43

Steroids are derivatives of __________ and that is formed of ____________

Answer 43

cholesterol, steroid ring or nucleus

Question 44

Biologically important groups of substances, which contain the steroid ring are

Answer 44

1.Sterols 2.Adrenal cortical hormones 3.Male and female sex hormones 4.Vitamin D group 5.Bile acids 6.Cardiac glycosides

Question 45

Bile Acids are produced from________

Answer 45

oxidation of cholesterol

Question 46

Bile Acids in liver producing__________ that are conjugated with___________.

Answer 46

cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids ,glycine or taurine T.

Question 47

Bile Acids produce sodium or potassium bile salts by reacting with________________.

Answer 47

sodium or potassium

Question 48

list some functions of bile acids?

Answer 48

1.Emulsification of lipids during digestion 2.Choleretic action (stimulate their own secretion; ↑ bile acids secretion). 3.Intestinal antiseptic that prevent putrefaction. 4.Solubilizing cholesterol in bile and prevent gall stone formation. 5.Solubilizing cholesterol in bile and prevent gall stone formation. Help in digestion of the other foodstuffs. 6.Activation of pancreatic lipase.

Question 49

in what cholesterol is major sterol & found in?

Answer 49

animal tissues, bile (chol-bile).

Question 50

in normal 65 kg adult how much cholesterol is present?

Answer 50

200 gm

Question 51

major food sources of cholesterol is?

Answer 51

Egg yolk rich in cholesterol.

Question 52

Steroids are called ________________ lipids, as they contain no fatty acids & can not form soaps.

Answer 52

non-saponifiable lipids

Question 53

functions of cholesterol are?

Answer 53

1.Cholesterol & its esters are important components of cell membrane & lipoproteins. 2.Steroids with diverse physiological functions are derived from cholesterol.

Question 54

7-dehydrocholesterol, derived from cholesterol, is the provitamin of_________.

Answer 54

vitamin D.