Lipids, Electolytes, Glucose

Question 1

Triglyceride risk: Low level is…

Answer 1

<100 mg/dl

Question 2

Triglyceride risk: Normal level is…

Answer 2

149 mg/dl

Question 3

Triglyceride risk: Borderline high risk level is…

Answer 3

150-199 mg/dl

Question 4

Triglyceride risk: High risk level is…

Answer 4

200-299 mg/dl

Question 5

Triglyceride risk: Very high risk level is…

Answer 5

> 500 mg/dl

Question 6

Normal LDL level is…

Answer 6

60-160 mg/dl

Question 7

Normal HDL level is…

Answer 7

29-77 mg/dl

Question 8

Desirable cholesterol level is…

Answer 8

<200 mg/dl

Question 9

Desirable HDL level is…

Answer 9

> 60 mg/dl

Question 10

Desirable LDL level is…

Answer 10

<100 mg/dl

Question 11

Desirable triglyceride level is…

Answer 11

<150 mg/dl

Question 12

Cholesterol Ratio formula is…

Answer 12

Total cholesterol/HDL

Question 13

AHA recommended cholesterol ratio:

Answer 13

Below 5:1, 3.5:1 optimal

Question 14

Role of electrolytes (4)

Answer 14

• fluid balance
• acid/base balance
• cellular reactions
• electrical/muscular activity

Question 15

The major cation in extracellular fluid is:

Answer 15

Sodium (Na+)

Question 16

Primary roles of sodium: (2)

Answer 16

• Maintaining body fluids - water retention

- Conduction of neuromuscular impulses

Question 17

Sodium balance is regulated by: (3)

Answer 17

• posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
• adrenal cortex (aldosterone)
• Atrial Natriuretic hormone (from heart)

Question 18

Normal sodium values:

Answer 18

135-145 mEq/L

Question 19

Causes of hyponatremia:

Answer 19

heart failure w/ fluid retention
vomiting & diarrhea
excessive perspiration
burns
dilution related to IV fluids

Question 20

Signs/symptoms of hyponatremia:

Answer 20

hypotension
tachycardia
muscular twitching
confusion/anxiety

Question 21

Causes of hypernatremia:

Answer 21

dehydration
fever/heat stroke
excessive Na intake
diabetes insipidus

Question 22

The major intracellular cation is:

Answer 22

Potassium (K)

Question 23

Primary roles of potassium: (3)

Answer 23

• maintains cellular neutrality and osmolality
• aids in transmission of nerve impulses
• assists in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and impulse transmission

Question 24

Normal potassium levels:

Answer 24

3.5-5.3 mEq/L

Question 25

Excessive potassium excretion leads to deficit known as:

Answer 25

Hypokalemia

Question 26

Acidosis: effect on potassium:

Answer 26

hyperkalemia

Question 27

Alkalosis: effect on potassium:

Answer 27

hypokalemia

Question 28

Signs of hypokalemia: (5)

Answer 28

``` dizziness hypotension muscle weakness & leg cramps ST segment prolonged and depressed T wave flat or inverted ```

Question 29

Cause of hyperkalemia:

Answer 29

acute renal failure

Question 30

Signs of hyperkalemia: (4)

Answer 30

muscle weakness abdominal cramps T-wave peaked or QRS widened Risk of cardiac arrest!

Question 31

Common anion found in extracellular fluid:

Answer 31

Chloride (Cl)

Question 32

Cl absorbed where in the body?

Answer 32

intestines

Question 33

Normal Cl values:

Answer 33

95-105 mEq/L

Question 34

Signs of hypochloremia: (3)

Answer 34

twitching tremors muscle cramps

Question 35

Signs of hyperchloremia: (2)

Answer 35

lethargy - altered mental state | decreased level of consciousness

Question 36

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) evaluates:

Answer 36

renal function, renal disease | aids assessment of hydration

Question 37

Normal BUN levels:

Answer 37

5-25 mg/dl

Question 38

Creatinine compared to BUN:

Answer 38

More sensitive and specific indicator of renal disease

Question 39

Normal creatinine levels:

Answer 39

0.5-1.5 mg/dl

Question 40

Increased BUN & normal creatinine = ?

Answer 40

dehydration

Question 41

Increased BUN & increased creatinine = ?

Answer 41

renal disorder

Question 42

2nd most plentiful intracellular cation:

Answer 42

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 43

Normal Mg levels:

Answer 43

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Question 44

Roles of Magnesium: (3)

Answer 44

- vital to neuromuscular function - helps transport Na & K across cell membrane - influences intracellular Ca levels

Question 45

Magnesium regulates what?

Answer 45

muscle contraction

Question 46

Signs of hypermagnesemia: (4)

Answer 46

lethargy flushing decreased BP muscle weakness

Question 47

Hypermagnesemia EKG changes: (3)

Answer 47

PR interval prolonged QRS wide Asystole

Question 48

Hypermagnesemia treatment?

Answer 48

``` Give calcium (magnesium antagonist) Hemodialysis ```

Question 49

Signs of hypomagnesemia: (3)

Answer 49

hyperactive reflexes tremors seizures

Question 50

Classic EKG sign of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 50

torsades

Question 51

How is calcium absorbed?

Answer 51

From GI tract if adequate Vit D present

Question 52

Normal calcium levels?

Answer 52

4.5-5.5 mEq/L

Question 53

Hypercalcemia + digitalis?

Answer 53

Can lead to digitalis toxicity.

Question 54

Signs of hypocalcemia: (4)

Answer 54

- hyperactive reflexes - carpopedal spasm - laryngospasm - hypotension

Question 55

Function of glucagon?

Answer 55

Triggers liver to release glucose into blood. | Stimulates gluconeogenesis.

Question 56

Normal glucose levels?

Answer 56

70-100 mg/dl

Question 57

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT) advantage:

Answer 57

Most sensitive method of evaluating early DM

Question 58

OGGT measures what?

Answer 58

Metabolic response to carbohydrate challenge.

Question 59

Hemoglobin A1C does what?

Answer 59

Identifies average plasma glucose level over prolonged period 1-4 months.

Question 60

HGB A1C normals?

Answer 60

2-5% nondiabetic | 2.5-6% controlled diabetic

Question 61

Risks of uncontrolled DM: (4)

Answer 61

neuropathy retinopathy nephropathy cardiomyopathy

Question 62

Electrolyte normal levels

Answer 62

``` Mg: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L K: 3.5-5.3 mEq/L Ca: 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Cl: 95-105 mEq/L Na: 135-145 mEq/L ```

Question 63

Renal function normals:

Answer 63

Creatinine: 0.5-1.5 mg/dl BUN: 5-25 mg/dl