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Lipids I + more Flashcards

1
Q
  1. True or false: Are lipids hydrophobic?
A

True

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2
Q
  1. What are functions of lipids?
A

energy sources and storage
hydrophobic anchors
signaling molecules
regulators
light absorbing pigments
electron carriers
enzyme cofators
waterproof and lubricating compounds
insulation (temperature)
cushioning

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3
Q
  1. The two functional groups in a fatty acid are?
    a. carboxyl group
    b. ester group
    c. aldehyde group
    d. methyl group
A

A,D

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4
Q
  1. What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon tail?
A

open chain conformation, no rings

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5
Q
  1. What have unsaturated fatty acids?
A

a. loosely connected
b. contains one or more C-C double or triple bonds
c. liquid conformation
d. none of the above

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6
Q
  1. What is causing the kink in fatty acid?
A

double or triple bond present between carbons

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7
Q
  1. What are essential fatty acids (definition) and what is one example?
A

fatty acids essential for biological processes but not synthesized by the human body
-omega 3 fatty acid (initial double bond on C3)
-omega 6 fatty acid (initial double bond on C6)

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8
Q
  1. What isomer form is the most natural form of fatty acids?

a. cis-confirmation
b. trans-confirmation
c. z-enantiomer
d. e-enantiomer

A

a. cis-confirmation

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9
Q
  1. What are Eicosanoids?
A

a specific kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
- signaling molecules

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10
Q
  1. What are the 3 major Eicosanoids and what processes do they regulate (one per candidate)?
A
  1. prostaglandins - associated with pain
  2. thromboxane - act in the formation of blood clots, reduces blood flow to site of clot
  3. leukotrienes - biological signals for mediators in acute and chronic inflammation
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11
Q
  1. What drugs affect the formation of PGs and TX by blocking which enzyme?
A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) to block cyclooxygenase (COX)

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12
Q
  1. What do glycerides consist of?
A

esters formed from
- glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
- fatty acids (hydrophobic)

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13
Q
  1. What is glycerol?
A

an ester containing alcohol on C3 and carbohydrate

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14
Q
  1. What are triglycerols/trigyceride? What are they made of ?
A
  • a type of body fat found in the blood
  • composed of an ester from glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains
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15
Q
  1. What are simple and mixed triglycerides?
A

Simple - no double/ triple C-C bonds
Mixed - double/ triple C-C bonds

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16
Q
  1. What are phosphoglycerides made of and what are the features of these molecules (head – tail)?
A

2 fatty acids chains (tail)
glycerol unit (head)
phosphate group (head)

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17
Q
  1. What major function do phospholipids have (where do we find them in a cell)?
A

allows for passage of molecules and ions in and out of the cell
location: cell membrane

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18
Q
  1. What are 3 major phospholipid classes (determined by their head group)?
A

Choline
Ethanolamine
Inositol

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19
Q
  1. Phosphatidylcholine is found in what group of lipids?
A

Phospholipids > lecithin

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20
Q
  1. Which neurotransmitter is lecithin-based? (bonus which retinal cells express that neurotransmitter?)
A

acetylcholine
amacrine cells induce retinal function

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21
Q
  1. Sphingolipids consist of?
A

a set of open chain aliphatic amino alcohol and sphingosine (18-C amino acid + unsaturated hydrocarbon chain

22
Q
  1. Do Sphingolipids contain glycerol?
A

no glycerol

23
Q
  1. The two major classes of sphingolipids (SLs) are – in what do they differ?
A

phosphosphingolipids (PSL) and glycosphingolipids (GSL) , Phosphate vs. sugar

24
Q
  1. SLs are found predominantly what part of the cell and in which special structure?
A

dominantly located: cell membrane

25
26. What is a ceramide?
sphingosine + fatty acid = backbone of PSL and GSL
26
27. What role does GSLs have for the blood?
determines/ specifying blood type group
27
28. Phospholipids include which types (categories) of lipids?
always contains phosphate, but not always glycerol: - phosphoglycerides - phosphosphingolipids
28
29. What are steroid lipids made of (in their alcohol) form?
Sterol - steroid alcohol (contains -OH group on C-3 atom)
29
30. What is the steroid nucleus (of what does is consist) and what synonym names does this structure have?
4-ring core (gonane/ skeletal structure) (3) cxyclohexane rings (1) cyclopentane ring
30
31. What are two major functions of steroid lipids?
1. components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity 2. signaling molecules > steroid hormones
31
32. Which molecule is the precursor of steroids in animals including us?
cholestrol
32
33. Are sterols amphipathic and if so/or not - why?
yes, contains a polar head group and non-polar hydrocarbon tail
33
34. What function does cholesterol have in the membrane?
- increases the order of lipid packing > lowers membrane permeability - bidirectional regulator of membrane fluidity
34
35. In which membrane structures is cholesterol predominantly found?
membrane bilayer
35
36. Which structures in the nervous system are cholesterol-rich? To which cell types do these structures belong?
myelin sheaths (CNS) and optic nerve (PNS) both associated with glial cells
36
11. How do Eicosanoids influence cells - what are the 3 types of signaling cells ?
autocrine paracrine endocrine
37
37. Cholesterol is turned into which vitamin when your skin is exposed to the sun?
Vitamin D
38
38. Which hormones derive from cholesterol (5)?
progesterone aldosterone testosterone cortisol estradiol
39
39. What are corticosteroids, which are the two types called? Name an example.
steroid hormones produces in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates - glucocorticoids - mineralocorticoids
40
40. Which side effects can glucocorticoids have on the eye?
tunnel vision > glaucoma > cataracts
41
41. Which hormone (belonging to which class of steroid hormones) regulates ion transport in glands?
corticosteroids > mineralocorticoids (Na/K transport)
42
42. Which hormone is “the stress hormone”?
Cortisol
43
43. Isoprenoids (terpenoids) are building block of which 3 major compounds?
sex hormones vitamin A pigments
44
44. Which vitamin is essential for vision, and why?
Vitamin A is essential for vision, combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin to help with rod function
45
45. What is the name of the chromophore found in photoreceptor cells? Where (in which molecule and location in the cell) is it found?
LRAT , located in RPE
46
46. Which two important pigments are found in the macula and what is their function?
lutein zeaxanthin both are associated with protection against AMD
47
47. Lipid metabolism incudes which processes (4)?
digestion -hydrolysis absorption transportation storage lovers don't argue through sex
48
48. Lipids are degraded during which reaction catalyzed by which enzyme?
degradation: hydrolysis catalysis: absorption
49
49. The primary two lipid types that are digested in our body are?
triglycerides cholestrol
50
50. which sub group (name, kind) are triglycerides and cholesterol transported through the blood from the gut?
lipoproteins (chylomicrons)
51
51. Which kinds of lipoproteins exist that transport digested fats (5)? Which one is the “dangerous” one and why?
chlyomicrons VLDL IDL LDL* HDH *LDL is dangerous due to high cholestrol levels
52
52. Out of which molecule (intermediate product) can fatty acids be generated – from which reaction is this molecule obtained?
generated by acetyl CoA which is a obtained from CAC

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