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CC1 LEC > Lipids & Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Lipids & Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids comes from the greek word ____ means ____

A

lipos & fat

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2
Q

Refers to collection of molecules of varying chemical composition

A

lipids

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3
Q

Lipids are grouped together on the basis of their _______

A

solubility in nonpolar solvents

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4
Q

4 main groups of lipids

A

Fatty acids (saturated &unsaturated)
glycerides (glycerol containing lipids)
nonglyceride lipids (sphingolipids, steroid wax)
complex lipids (lipoproteins)

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5
Q

What are the biological functions of lipids?

A

energy source
energy storage
cell membrane structural components
hormones
vitamins
vitamin absorption
protection
insulation

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6
Q

What makes up the basic structure of cell membrane?

A

phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids

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7
Q

When oxidized, each gram of fat releases _ kcal of energy or more than twice energy released by oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate

A

9

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8
Q

In the form of of TAG in adipocytes

A

energy storage

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9
Q

steroid hormones

A

hormone

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10
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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11
Q

cell membrane is referred as

A

phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

_____ serve as a carrier of the lipid-soluble vitamins

A

dietary fats

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13
Q

fat as a shock absorber

A

protection

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14
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

insulation

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15
Q

long chain monocarboxylic acids

A

fatty acids

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16
Q

fatty acids contains

A

hydrocarbon chain & carboxylic acid

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17
Q

carboxylic acid group

A

polar end - hydrophilic end

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18
Q

hydrocarbon chain

A

non polar end - hydrophobic end

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19
Q

less than 6 carbon

A

short chain fatty acid

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20
Q

6-10 carbon carbon includes 11

A

medium chain fatty acid

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21
Q

more than 12 carbon

A

long chain fatty acid

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22
Q

describe saturated fatty acids

A

no double bond
each c being saturated with h

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23
Q

general formula of saturated fatty acid

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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24
Q

describe unsaturated fatty acid

A
  • composed at least one carbon to carbon double bond
  • almost are cis configuration
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25
Q

cis and trans are only applicable to

A

unsaturated fatty acid

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26
Q

composed of one carbon to carbon double bond

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

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27
Q

composed of more than one carbon to carbon double bond

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid

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28
Q

PUFA are identified by the postition of the double bond nearest the _______ of the carbon chain this is describe as ______

A

methyl end (ch3) & omega number

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29
Q

If PUFa has first double bond 3 carbon away from the methyl end

A

Omega 3 FA

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30
Q

If PUFA is 6 carbon from methyl end

A

Omega 6 FA

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31
Q

cis fatty acid (description)

A

H’s on the same side of the double bond; U like formation; naturally occuring

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32
Q

trans fatty acid (description)

A

H’s on the opposite side of the double bond; occur in partial hydrogenated food; straight structure

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33
Q

double bond can be found only before the 9th carbon atom

A

essential

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34
Q

no double bond before the 9th carbon atom

A

nonessential

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35
Q

what are the chemical reactions of fatty acids

A

esterification
acid hydrolysis
saponification

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36
Q

producing fatty acids from esters

A

acid hydrolysis

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37
Q

fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water

A

esterification

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38
Q

product of esterification

A

ester

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39
Q

____ are the products of the dehydration of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

A

esters

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40
Q

opposite of esterification

A

acid hydrolysis

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41
Q

is the base catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester

A

saponification

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42
Q

what is the product of saponification, an ionized salt ______

A

soap

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43
Q

most common base of saponification

A

sodium hydroxide

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44
Q

what are the reaction at the double bond (unsaturated fatty acids)

A

hydrogenation & partial hydrogenation

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45
Q

used in food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated solid fats

A

hydrogenation

46
Q

vegetable oils are converted into solid form (margarine and crisco)

A

partial hydrogentaion

47
Q

carried out to add hydrogen to some, but npt all double bonds in polyunsaturated oils

A

partial hydrogenation

48
Q

are lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule and fatty acids

A

glycerides

49
Q

Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail and negatively charged terminus (the carboxylate terminus0, they form miscelles that dissolves oil and dirt particles

A

saponification

50
Q

2 classes of glycerides

A

neutral glycerides & phosphoglycerides

51
Q

simplest phosphoglycerides

A

phosphatidate

52
Q

neutral glyceride is _____ & ______

A

nonioinic and nonpolar

53
Q

_____ produce after the esterification of glycerol with fatty acid

A

glycerides

54
Q

esterification may occur at one, two, or all three position producing:

A

monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides

55
Q

most important and main storage form of lipids in man (adipocytes)

A

triglycerides

56
Q

phosphoglycerides have _____ the phosphoryl group, in addition to the nonpolar fatty acid tails

A

polar region

57
Q

phosphoglyceride can be found in

A

cell membrane

58
Q

it is a nonglyceride lipid that is not derived from gycerol

A

sphingolipids

59
Q

sphingolipids is _______ & structural component of cellular membrane

A

amphipathic

60
Q

sphingolipids is derived from _____

A

sphingosine

61
Q

Located throughout the body, but are particularly important structural lipid components of nerve cell membranes

A

Sphingomyelins

62
Q

sphingomyelins can be found in abundance in the ________

A

myelin sheath the surrounds & insulate cells of CNS

63
Q

what is the role of sphingomyelins

A

essential to proper cerebral function and nerve transmission

64
Q

what is the smallest sphingolipid

A

sphingomyelins

65
Q

sphingomyelins are also considered as ______

A

phospholipid

66
Q

glycosphingolipids includes ________,_______, & _______

A

cerebroside, sulfatides, gangliosides

67
Q

Are built on a ceramide backbone structure, which is a fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine

A

Glycosphingolipids

68
Q

Are characterized by the presence of a single
monosaccharide head group

A

cerebrosides

69
Q

found in the membranes of macrophage. If the head group is glucose.

A

glucocerebroside

70
Q

glucocerebroside is consist of

A

ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose

71
Q

found almost exclusively in the
membranes of brain cells. If the head group is
galactose.

A

galactocerbroside

72
Q

galactocerebroside is consist of

A

ceramide joined to the monosaccharide
galactose

73
Q

→ Contain the steroid nucleus (steroid carbon skeleton)
→ Cholesterol

A

steroids

74
Q

known sterol, found in the membranes

A

steroids

75
Q

cholesterol is _______

A

amphipathic

76
Q

Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of the membrane as a result of the nonpolar fused ring

A

cholesterol

77
Q

cholesterol hydroxyl group is ______

A

polar

78
Q

chemical name of cholesterol

A

perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring

79
Q

cholesterol can also exist in an esterified form called ______ with the hydroxyl group conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid

A

cholesteryl ester

80
Q

Cholesterol is almost exclusively synthesized by ______, but _______do contain other sterols similar in structure to cholesterol

A

animals, plants

81
Q

It is not readily catabolized by most cells, therefore, does not serve as a source of energy

A

Cholesterol

82
Q

cholesterol can be converted in the _____ to ________ (e.g. cholic
acid) and chenodeoxycholic acid

A

liver and primary bile acids

83
Q

it is amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol

A

bile salts

84
Q

bile salts is synthesized in the _____and stored in the ____

A

liver & gall bladder

85
Q

examples of bile salts

A

cholate & deoxycholate

86
Q

whose polar hydroxyl groups interact
with water and whose hydrophobic regions bind to lipids

A

emulsifying agent

87
Q

bile fats helps in

A

digestion of fats

88
Q

steroids contains ____

A

fats

89
Q

Act like your lipids. If _______ are in your bloodstream, it won’t mix with blood.

A

steroid hormones

90
Q

steroid hormones need ___ to travel in your bloodstream

A

carrier

91
Q

example of steroid hormones

A

→ Testosterone
→ Progesterone
→ Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
→ Cortisone and Cortisol
→ Aldosterone

92
Q

Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical compositions, depending on the source

A

waxes

93
Q

example of waxes

A

paraffin waxes

94
Q

waxes has a long _______

A

Long hydrocarbon tails – extremely hydrophobic – completely insoluble in water

95
Q

protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin
creams and ointments)

A

lanolin

96
Q

Are bonded to other types of molecules

A

complex lipids

97
Q
  • Has a lipid portion and a protein portion(apolipoprotein)
  • Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
A

lipoproteins

98
Q

what is the shape of lipoprotein

A

spherical

99
Q

range in size of lpp

A

10-1200 nm

100
Q

Composed of both lipids and proteins, called ________

A

apolipoproteins

101
Q

_______ particles have larger core regions (contain relatively more TAG and cholesteryl ester)

A

Larger LPP

102
Q

_____; Lower density

A

Larger

103
Q

The larger the LPP, the more lipid relative to CHON, therefore, ______

A

the lighter in density

104
Q

arrange the lipoproteins according to its density

A

HDL
LDL
VLDL
CHYLOS

105
Q

which lipoprotein has the lightest density

A

chylomicons

106
Q

which lipoproteins has the highest density

A

HDL

107
Q

classify the lpp based on ultracentrifugation

A

chylos
vldl
ldl
hdl

108
Q

What region VLDL travels to in electrphoresis?

A

Pre beta region

109
Q

where does vldl migrate in electrophoresis

A

pre beta

110
Q

where does LDL migrate in electrophoresis

A

beta region

111
Q

which lipoprotein migrates closest to the anode in the electrophoresis

A

hdl

112
Q

which region does hdl migrates in electrphoretic mobility

A

alpha region

CC1 LEC (4 decks)

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