Lipids & Lipoproteins Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Lipids comes from the greek word ____ means ____
A
lipos & fat
2
Q
Refers to collection of molecules of varying chemical composition
A
lipids
3
Q
Lipids are grouped together on the basis of their _______
A
solubility in nonpolar solvents
4
Q
4 main groups of lipids
A
Fatty acids (saturated &unsaturated)
glycerides (glycerol containing lipids)
nonglyceride lipids (sphingolipids, steroid wax)
complex lipids (lipoproteins)
5
Q
What are the biological functions of lipids?
A
energy source
energy storage
cell membrane structural components
hormones
vitamins
vitamin absorption
protection
insulation
6
Q
What makes up the basic structure of cell membrane?
A
phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids
7
Q
When oxidized, each gram of fat releases _ kcal of energy or more than twice energy released by oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate
A
9
8
Q
In the form of of TAG in adipocytes
A
energy storage
9
Q
steroid hormones
A
hormone
10
Q
Lipid soluble vitamins
A
ADEK
11
Q
cell membrane is referred as
A
phospholipid bilayer
12
Q
_____ serve as a carrier of the lipid-soluble vitamins
A
dietary fats
13
Q
fat as a shock absorber
A
protection
14
Q
subcutaneous fat
A
insulation
15
Q
long chain monocarboxylic acids
A
fatty acids
16
Q
fatty acids contains
A
hydrocarbon chain & carboxylic acid
17
Q
carboxylic acid group
A
polar end - hydrophilic end
18
Q
hydrocarbon chain
A
non polar end - hydrophobic end
19
Q
less than 6 carbon
A
short chain fatty acid
20
Q
6-10 carbon carbon includes 11
A
medium chain fatty acid
21
Q
more than 12 carbon
A
long chain fatty acid
22
Q
describe saturated fatty acids
A
no double bond
each c being saturated with h
23
Q
general formula of saturated fatty acid
A
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
24
Q
describe unsaturated fatty acid
A
- composed at least one carbon to carbon double bond
- almost are cis configuration
25
cis and trans are only applicable to
unsaturated fatty acid
26
composed of one carbon to carbon double bond
monounsaturated fatty acid
27
composed of more than one carbon to carbon double bond
polyunsaturated fatty acid
28
PUFA are identified by the postition of the double bond nearest the _______ of the carbon chain this is describe as ______
methyl end (ch3) & omega number
29
If PUFa has first double bond 3 carbon away from the methyl end
Omega 3 FA
30
If PUFA is 6 carbon from methyl end
Omega 6 FA
31
cis fatty acid (description)
H's on the same side of the double bond; U like formation; naturally occuring
32
trans fatty acid (description)
H's on the opposite side of the double bond; occur in partial hydrogenated food; straight structure
33
double bond can be found only before the 9th carbon atom
essential
34
no double bond before the 9th carbon atom
nonessential
35
what are the chemical reactions of fatty acids
esterification
acid hydrolysis
saponification
36
producing fatty acids from esters
acid hydrolysis
37
fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water
esterification
38
product of esterification
ester
39
____ are the products of the dehydration of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
esters
40
opposite of esterification
acid hydrolysis
41
is the base catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester
saponification
42
what is the product of saponification, an ionized salt ______
soap
43
most common base of saponification
sodium hydroxide
44
what are the reaction at the double bond (unsaturated fatty acids)
hydrogenation & partial hydrogenation
45
used in food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated solid fats
hydrogenation
46
vegetable oils are converted into solid form (margarine and crisco)
partial hydrogentaion
47
carried out to add hydrogen to some, but npt all double bonds in polyunsaturated oils
partial hydrogenation
48
are lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule and fatty acids
glycerides
49
Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail and negatively charged terminus (the carboxylate terminus0, they form miscelles that dissolves oil and dirt particles
saponification
50
2 classes of glycerides
neutral glycerides & phosphoglycerides
51
simplest phosphoglycerides
phosphatidate
52
neutral glyceride is _____ & ______
nonioinic and nonpolar
53
_____ produce after the esterification of glycerol with fatty acid
glycerides
54
esterification may occur at one, two, or all three position producing:
monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides
55
most important and main storage form of lipids in man (adipocytes)
triglycerides
56
phosphoglycerides have _____ the phosphoryl group, in addition to the nonpolar fatty acid tails
polar region
57
phosphoglyceride can be found in
cell membrane
58
it is a nonglyceride lipid that is not derived from gycerol
sphingolipids
59
sphingolipids is _______ & structural component of cellular membrane
amphipathic
60
sphingolipids is derived from _____
sphingosine
61
Located throughout the body, but are particularly important structural lipid components of nerve cell membranes
Sphingomyelins
62
sphingomyelins can be found in abundance in the ________
myelin sheath the surrounds & insulate cells of CNS
63
what is the role of sphingomyelins
essential to proper cerebral function and nerve transmission
64
what is the smallest sphingolipid
sphingomyelins
65
sphingomyelins are also considered as ______
phospholipid
66
glycosphingolipids includes ________,_______, & _______
cerebroside, sulfatides, gangliosides
67
Are built on a ceramide backbone structure, which is a fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine
Glycosphingolipids
68
Are characterized by the presence of a single
monosaccharide head group
cerebrosides
69
found in the membranes of macrophage. If the head group is glucose.
glucocerebroside
70
glucocerebroside is consist of
ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose
71
found almost exclusively in the
membranes of brain cells. If the head group is
galactose.
galactocerbroside
72
galactocerebroside is consist of
ceramide joined to the monosaccharide
galactose
73
→ Contain the steroid nucleus (steroid carbon skeleton)
→ Cholesterol
steroids
74
known sterol, found in the membranes
steroids
75
cholesterol is _______
amphipathic
76
Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of the membrane as a result of the nonpolar fused ring
cholesterol
77
cholesterol hydroxyl group is ______
polar
78
chemical name of cholesterol
perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring
79
cholesterol can also exist in an esterified form called ______ with the hydroxyl group conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid
cholesteryl ester
80
Cholesterol is almost exclusively synthesized by ______, but _______do contain other sterols similar in structure to cholesterol
animals, plants
81
It is not readily catabolized by most cells, therefore, does not serve as a source of energy
Cholesterol
82
cholesterol can be converted in the _____ to ________ (e.g. cholic
acid) and chenodeoxycholic acid
liver and primary bile acids
83
it is amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol
bile salts
84
bile salts is synthesized in the _____and stored in the ____
liver & gall bladder
85
examples of bile salts
cholate & deoxycholate
86
whose polar hydroxyl groups interact
with water and whose hydrophobic regions bind to lipids
emulsifying agent
87
bile fats helps in
digestion of fats
88
steroids contains ____
fats
89
Act like your lipids. If _______ are in your bloodstream, it won’t mix with blood.
steroid hormones
90
steroid hormones need ___ to travel in your bloodstream
carrier
91
example of steroid hormones
→ Testosterone
→ Progesterone
→ Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
→ Cortisone and Cortisol
→ Aldosterone
92
Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical compositions, depending on the source
waxes
93
example of waxes
paraffin waxes
94
waxes has a long _______
Long hydrocarbon tails – extremely hydrophobic – completely insoluble in water
95
protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin
creams and ointments)
lanolin
96
Are bonded to other types of molecules
complex lipids
97
- Has a lipid portion and a protein portion(apolipoprotein)
- Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
lipoproteins
98
what is the shape of lipoprotein
spherical
99
range in size of lpp
10-1200 nm
100
Composed of both lipids and proteins, called ________
apolipoproteins
101
_______ particles have larger core regions (contain relatively more TAG and cholesteryl ester)
Larger LPP
102
_____; Lower density
Larger
103
The larger the LPP, the more lipid relative to CHON, therefore, ______
the lighter in density
104
arrange the lipoproteins according to its density
HDL
LDL
VLDL
CHYLOS
105
which lipoprotein has the lightest density
chylomicons
106
which lipoproteins has the highest density
HDL
107
classify the lpp based on ultracentrifugation
chylos
vldl
ldl
hdl
108
What region VLDL travels to in electrphoresis?
Pre beta region
109
where does vldl migrate in electrophoresis
pre beta
110
where does LDL migrate in electrophoresis
beta region
111
which lipoprotein migrates closest to the anode in the electrophoresis
hdl
112
which region does hdl migrates in electrphoretic mobility
alpha region
