LIPIDS & LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Lipoprotein component : surface
A
Apolipoproteins
Phospholipids
Non-esterified cholesterol
2
Q
Lipoprotein component : core
A
Triglycerides
Cholesterol esters
Free fatty acids
3
Q
Apolipoprotein : structural, *LCAT activator
A
Apo A-I
4
Q
Apolipoprotein : Structural, *LDL-Receptor ligand
A
Apo B-100
5
Q
Apolipoprotein : structural, remnant receptor ligand
A
Apo B-48
6
Q
Apolipoprotein : structural, *LPL cofactor
A
Apo C-II
7
Q
Apolipoprotein : structural, *LPL inhibitor
A
Apo C-III
8
Q
Apolipoprotein : Recognition factor that targets chylomicron and VLDL remnants to hepatic receptor
A
Apo E
9
Q
Catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol
A
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
10
Q
Mediates the endocytosis of lipoproteins especially LDL
A
LDL receptor
11
Q
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG in lipoproteins releasing free fatty acids and glycerol to tissues
A
Lipoprotein lipase
12
Q
DENSITIY : Chylomicrons
A
<0.93 kg/L
13
Q
DENSITIY : VLDL
A
0.93 - 1.006 Kg/L
14
Q
DENSITIY : LDL
A
1.019 - 1.063 kg/L
15
Q
DENSITIY : HDL
A
1.063 - 1.21 kg/L
16
Q
Major lipoprotein : HDL
A
Apo A1
17
Q
Major lipoprotein : LDL
A
Apo B100
18
Q
Major lipoprotein : VLDL
A
Apo B100
19
Q
Major lipoprotein : Chylomicrons
A
Apo B48
20
Q
Reverse cholesterol transport
cholesterol: tissues —> liver (good)
A
HDL
21
Q
Cholesterol : Liver —> tissues (bad)
A
LDL
22
Q
Order of Lipoproteins according to density (ultracentrifugation)
Top to bottom
A
Chylomicrons > VLDL > LDL > HDL
23
Q
Order of Lipoproteins according to SPE migration pattern
From origin
A
Chylomicrons > LDL > VLDL > HDL
24
Q
Transports exogenous lipids
A
Chylomicrons
25
Transports endogenous lipids
VLDL
26
Lipolytic product of VLDL catabolism taken up by the liver or converted to LDL; density, electrophoretic mobility, protein and lipid contents are intermediate between those VLDL and LDL
IDL
27
Floating beta lipoprotein ; high cholesterol content ; seen in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia
Density similar to VLDL ; migrates in Beta region
B-VLDL
28
Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein ; contains the prothrombic Apo(a) which is homologous with plasminogen ; associated with stroke, MI, CHD ;
Density similar to LDL ; migrates in pre-beta region
Lp(a)
29
Abnormal lipoprotein associated with obstructive biliary disease ad LCAT deficiency consists mostly of Phospholipids and non esterifid cholesterol
LpX
30
Fredrickson classification :
Chylomicrons (High triglycerides)
Type 1 (familial LPL deficiency)
31
Fredrickson classification :
High LDL, triglycerides ; abnormal LDL receptor gene
Type 2a (familial hypercholesterolemia)
32
Fredrickson classification :
High LDL and VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)
Type 2b (familial combined hyperlipidemia)
33
Fredrickson classification :
High IDL, B-VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)
Type 3 (familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)
34
Fredrickson classification :
High VLDL (high triglycerides)
Type 4 (familial hypertryglyceridemia)
35
Fredrickson classification :
High Chylomicrons, VLDL (high cholesterol & triglycerides)
Type V (mixed hypelipidemia)
36
High Chylomicrons and VLDL = high _____
Triglycerides = xanthomas, increased risk of pancreatitis
37
High LDL = High ____
High total cholesterol = xanthelasma, high risk of coronary heart disease
38
Yellow pruritis papulonodules associated with elevated triglycerides
Eruptive xanthomas
39
Yellow periorbital papilla associated with high cholesterol
Xanthelasma
40
Also known as Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome (acanthocytes) ; autosomal recessive disorder involving mutations in MTTP gene with absolute nonexistent levels of Apo B48 and Apo b100, absence of Apo B-containing lipoproteins ; total cholesterol very low and triglyceride level nearly undetectable
Abetalipoproteinemia
41
Autosomal dominant disorder caused by nonsense or missense mutations in the apoB gene ; LOW total cholesterol and normal to LOW triglycerides level
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
42
Rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low to undetectable HDL due to mutation in the ABCA1 gene
Tangier disease
43
Common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by HDL-C levels <30 mg/dL (men) or <40 mg/dL (women)
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
44
Cholesterol chemical method: steps
Saponificaiton
Extraction
Purification
Colorimetry
45
Saponification reagent
Alcoholic KOH
46
Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters
Saponification
47
Extraction reagent
Bloor’s reagent (ethanol-ether)
48
Removal of protein interference
Extraction
49
Purification reagent
Bilirubin
50
Precipitation of free cholesterol
Purification
51
Colorimetry reagent (Lieberman-Burchardt)
H2SO4, acetic anhydride
52
Colorimetry reagent (Salkowski)
H2SO4, Ferric iron
53
Cholesterol + H2SO4 + (CH3CO)2O —> cholestadienyl monosulfonic acid
Lieberman-Burchardt
54
Cholesterol + H2SO4 + Fe3+ —> cholestadienyl disulfonic acid
Salkowski
55
Cholestadienyl monosulfonic acid color
Green
56
Cholestadienyl disulfonic acid color
Red
57
CDC reference method which involves saponification with alcoholic KOH extraction with n-hexane/petroleum-ether and colorimetry using the Liebermann-Burchardt reagent
Modified Abell-Kendall
58
AKA Abell-Levy-Brodie method
Modified Abell-Kendall
59
Cholesterol reference value : desirable
<200 mg/dL
60
Cholesterol reference value : borderline high
200-239 mg/dL
61
Cholesterol reference value : high
240 mg/dL and above
62
Recommended cut off points for ages 2-19 : moderate risk
170 mg/dL and above
63
Recommended cut off points for ages 2-19 : high risk
185 mg/dL and above
64
Recommended cut off points for ages 20-29: moderate risk
200 mg/dL and above
65
Recommended cut off points for ages 20-29: high risk
220 mg/dL and above
66
Recommended cut off points for ages 30-39: moderate risk
220 mg/dL and above
67
Recommended cut off points for ages 30-39: high risk
240 mg/dL and above
68
Recommended cut off points for ages 40 and above : moderate risk
240 mg/dL and above
69
Recommended cut off points for ages 40 and above : high risk
260 mg/dL and above
70
Hyperlipoproteinemia types 2a, 2b, 3, nephrotic syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism
Hypercholesterolemia
71
Severe liver disease, malnutrition, malabsorption, hyperthyroidism
Hypocholesterolemia
72
Triglycerides colorimetric method
Van Handel-Zilversmit
73
Colored compound in van Handel-Zilversmit method
Pink or blue
74
CDC reference method
Modified van Handel-Zilversmit
75
Colored compound in Modified van Handel-Zilversmit method
PINK
76
Triglycerides fluorometric method
Hantzsch
77
Color of diacetyl lutidine in Hantzsch method (fluorometric)
YELLOW
78
Triglyceride reference value : normal
<150 mg/dL
79
Triglyceride reference value : borderline high
150-199 mg/dL
80
Triglyceride reference value : high
200–249 mg/dL
81
Triglyceride reference value : very high
500 mg/dL and above
82
Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : <200 mg/dL
Clear
83
Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : >3000 mg/dL
Hazy or turbid
84
Appearance of plasma (TRIGLYCERIDE) : >600 mg/dL
Opaque and milky (lactescent)
85
Hyperlipoproteinemia types 1, 2b, 3, 4, 5, nephrotic syndrome, alcoholism, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism
Hypertriglyceridemia
86
Malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome, hyperthyroidism
Hypotriglyceridemia
87
In standing plasma test, __ mL of plasma in a 10x75 test tube is allowed to stand at _C undisturbed ____
2 mL ; 4C ; overnight
88
Standing plasma test : ______ accumulates as a flatting cream layer ; ____ makes the sample remain turbid after standing
Chylomicrons ; VLDL
89
HDL-C measurement : involves adjusting the sample to a density of 1.063 (POTASSIUM BROMIDE) followed by centrifugation at high speed overnight
Ultracentrifugation
90
HDL-C measurement : immunologic assay involving blockage of non-HDL lipoproteins using an antibody to Apo B-100
Homogenous (direct assay)
91
HDL-C measurement : CDC reference method
Ultracentrifugation, heparin-Mn2+ precipitation, and Abell-Kendall assay
92
HDL-C Reference value : high risk for CHD
<40 mg/dL
93
HDL-C Reference value : desirable
60 mg/dL and above
94
LDL-C measurement : involves centrifugation (to separate VLDL and Chylomicrons) and precipitation (to remove HDL)
B-QUANTIFICATION
95
LDL-C measurement : uses detergents or other chemicals to BLOCK or solubilize non-LDL lipoprotein classes to allow for quantitation of LDL
Homogenous (direct assay)
96
Calculation formula for LDL
Total cholesterol - (HDL + VLDL)
97
VLDL estimation : Fridewald
VLDL (md/dL) = Triglyceride / 5
VLDL (mmol/L) = Triglyceride / 2.175
98
VLDL estimation : De Long
VLDL (mg/dL) = Trigylceride / 6.5
VLDL (mmol/L) = Triglyceride / 2.825
99
VLDL estimation : Martin-Hopkins
VLDL = TG / adjustable factor
100
Fridewald calculation is unreliable when TG level is high (noticeable error at TG _____ mg/dL ; error unacceptably high at TG ___ mg/dL
High values of TG can cause _____ calculated LDL
>200 mg/dL ; >400 mg/dL ; falsely decreased
101
LDL-C reference value : optimal
<100 mg/dL
102
LDL-C reference value : near to above optimal
100-129 mg/dL
103
LDL-C reference value : borderline high
130-159 mg/dL
104
LDL-C reference value : high
160-189 mg/dL
105
LDL-C reference value : very high
190 mg/dL and above
106
NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error (CV) :
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
LDL-C
HDL-C
3% or less
5% or less
4% or less
4% or less
107
NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error : BIAS
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
LDL-C
HDL-C
3 % or less
5 % or less
4 % or less
5 % or less
108
NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error : TOTAL ERROR
9% or less
15%or less
12% or less
13% or less
