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PMQA > Liquids And Colloids > Flashcards

Liquids And Colloids Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of Liquids

A

•Ease of administration
•Immediate availability for absorption
•It is more rapidly and efficiently absorbed, compared to tablets or capsules.

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2
Q

Disadvantages of Liquids

A

• Technical problems (instability)
• Special techniques required for poorly soluble drugs.
• Requires pharmaceutical elegance with regards to taste, appearance, and viscosity.

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3
Q

Instability of LIQUIDS as a technical problem may be caused by the following conditions :

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration of the Reactants
  4. Light or Radiation
  5. Packaging Components
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4
Q

Factors that affect Light/Radiation:

A

a. intensity of the wavelength of light
b. size of the container
c. shape of the container

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5
Q

Flint/ Colorless glass container

A

light transmission above 300 nm

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6
Q

Amber/ Light resistant glass container

A

light transmission above 470 nm

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7
Q

Container Components

A

Glass • Plastic • Metal • Rubber

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8
Q

Glass containers have been the container of choice because of the following reasons

A
  1. Resistance to decomposition by atmospheric conditions
  2. Resistance to decomposition by solid or liquid contents of varying composition
  3. By modifying the chemical composition of glass
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9
Q

Glass has two (2) principal faults or undesirable properties

A
  1. Release alkali to liquids stored in the glass container.
  2. Releases insoluble flakes
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10
Q

Glass undesirable properties can be resolved through

A
  1. decreasing the soda content in the glass
  2. replacing sodium oxide with other oxides to overcome the undesirable property of glass
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11
Q

Classification of glass used in packaging pharmaceuticals depend upon:

A
  1. chemical constituents
  2. ability to resist deterioration
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12
Q

generally suitable for all parenterals

A

Type 1 Glass container

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13
Q

Highly Resistant Borosilicate Glass

A

Type 1 Glass container

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14
Q

Constituents of Type 1 Glass container

A

SiO2 + B2O3

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15
Q

treated with sulfur dioxide

A

Type 2 Glass container

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16
Q

suitable for parenterals solutions, which is buffered

A

Type 2 Glass container

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17
Q

has a pH below 7; not reactive with the glass

A

Type 2 Glass container

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18
Q

Treated Soda Lime Glass

A

Type 2 Glass container

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19
Q

Constituents of Type 2, 3, & 4 Glass containers

A

Na2O + CaO

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20
Q

suitable for anhydrous parenterals liquids or dry substances

A

Type 3 Glass container

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21
Q

Soda lime Glass for Dry Products

A

Type 3 Glass container

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22
Q

not for parenterals use; suitable only for tablets, capsules, suspensions, ointments and extractives

A

Type 4 Glass container

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23
Q

General Purpose Soda lime Glass

A

Type 4 Glass container

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24
Q

Test performed on ground or powdered glass to expose internal surface

A

Powdered Glass Test

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25
Tests the leaching potential of the glass
Powdered Glass Test
26
Powdered Glass Test uses alkali treated with __________
0.02 N sulfuric acid (acidimetry)
27
Test where exposure of the glass with sulfur dioxide is at 121°C
Water Attack Test
28
Water Attack Test is specifically performed with ________
TYPE II GLASS
29
These are high molecular weight polymers
Plastic Containers
30
Cannot be autoclaved
Polyethylene
31
Low density polyethylene is used as
droppers and sprays
32
High density polyethylene is used as
solid oral preparations
33
autoclavable high molecular weight polymer
Polypropylene
34
Used for blister packaging and is CARCINOGENIC
Polyvinyl chloride
35
For beverages Have transparency and luster Gamma radiation sterilization
Polyethylene terephthalate
36
Disperse systems having a consistency of a soft paste, gel, cream, or ointment can be conveniently packed into “collapsible tubes”
Metal Containers
37
designed to release pressurized contents
Metal Containers
38
container may explode if heated
Metal Containers
39
The disadvantages of plastic packaging
1. Permeability of the container to atmospheric gases and to moisture. 2. Leaching of the constituents. 3. Sorption (ab or ad) of the drugs from the contents to the plastic container. 4. Transmission of light through the container. 5. Container deformation.
40
Special techniques required for poorly soluble drugs
• Co-solvency • pH control • Solubilization • Complexation • Hydrotrophy • Chemical Modification of the drug
41
Co-solvents may be used in the formulation of aqueous liquid, such as alcohol, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol
Solubility
42
Acidic preservatives
alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PABA), benzoic acid, and its salts. For external use – boric acid and phenols are used
43
Neutral preservatives
benzyl alcohol, and phenylethyl alcohol
44
Mercurial preservatives
thimerosal, nitromersols, phenyl mercuric acetate/ nitrate
45
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds preservatives
benzalkonium chloride and cetyl pyridinium chloride
46
most useful preservatives are the
esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (PABA or parabens)
47
Added to prevent cap locking
Polyols
48
an extremely sweet viscous substance, which imparts both body (viscosity) and sweetness to liquid formulations
Liquid Glucose
49
15 to 30 x sweeter than sucrose
Cyclamates
50
250 to 500 x sweeter than sucrose
Saccharin
51
Viscosity controlling agents are
PVP, methylcellulose, and sodium CMC
52
Manufacturing Considerations in Liquids The rate at which the equilibrium is achieved is highly dependent in the details of the following:
1) equipment 2) compounding procedure 3) packaging methods 4) labeling 5) storage
53
Intermediate between solutions precipitates
Colloids
54
They are larger than the molecules and ions that make up the solutions.
Colloids
55
a two-phase heterogeneous mixture made up of a dispersed phase of tiny particles that are distributed evenly within a continuous phase
Colloids
56
Used to separate and purify colloidal material. This can be conducted under negative pressure (suction) through a dialysis membrane supported in a Buchner Funnel.
Ultrafiltration
57
Electrodialysis
A purification process by which it is done by the removal of charged impurities such as ionic contaminants in dialysis through the use of an electronic potential across the membrane.
58
Colloidal silver chloride, silver iodide, and silver protein are effective ______
germicides
59
Coarsely powdered sulfur is poorly absorbed when administered ______
Orally
60
Colloidal copper
treatment of cancer
61
colloidal gold
diagnostic agent for paresis
62
colloidal mercury
syphilis
63
macromolecule used as a plasma substitute
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
64
macromolecules (as adjunct):
• Starch • Cellulose
65
Plasma expander
Dextran
66
Colloidal particles that interact to an appreciable extent with the dispersion medium.
lyophilic (solvent-loving) colloids
67
Most lyophilic colloids are organic molecules of
gelatin, acacia, insulin, albumin, rubber, and polystyrene
68
Composed of materials that have little attraction, if any, for the dispersion medium
Lyophobic Colloids
69
These aggregates, which may contain 50 or more monomers, are called _______
micelles
70
concentration of monomer at which micelles form
critical micelle concentration (CMC)
71
number of monomers that aggregate to form a micelle
aggregation number of the micelle
72
a stable colloidal system is one in which the particles ____
resist flocculation or aggregation and exhibit a long shelflife
73
An aggregate usually separates out either by ____________ (if it is more dense than the medium) or by ____________ (if it is less than the medium).
Sedimentation; Creaming
74
Coagulation is irreversible, whereas flocculation can be reversed by the process of ___________
deflocculation

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