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A: PnT- for the rest(du(c)) > List of adverse effects: part 1 > Flashcards

List of adverse effects: part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

A
  • Dependence : withdrawal syndrome (less intense than barbs) .

Tolerance (less than barbs)

Potentiate other CNS depressants (alcohol, barbs) - Sedation, confusion, amnesia, ataxia

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2
Q

What are the adverse effects of barbiturates?

A

-Enzyme inducers ,Alter natural sleep (reduce REM) –> hangover, irritability , Depress respiration and O.d. is lethal(tf low safety margins) , Dependence (withdrawal syndrome) , Tolerance -,Potentiate effects of other CNS depressants (alcohol)w

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3
Q

Diiuretic side effects

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibiitor, loop diuretics, Thiazide, cause metabolic alkalosis

K= sparing like amiadarone and spiranolactone(can cause testicular arophy, gynaecomastia and mentrual problems) can cause metabolic acidoss

Loop diurtics can cuase hypovolaemia and hypotension.

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4
Q

What are the side effects of levodopa?

A

Acute: - Nausea and vomiting (also converted to dopamine in periphery) - Hypotension - Psychological effects – schizophrenia like syndrome w/delusions and hallucinations - Confusion, disorientation - Insomnia, nightmares Chronic: - Dyskinesias – abnormal movements which affect face+limbs; start within 2y; disappear if dose reduced but clinical symptoms reappear - “On-Off” Effects – rapid fluctuations in clinical state, where hypokinesia and rigidity may suddenly worsen

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5
Q

NSAID side effects

A
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6
Q

What are the side effects of dopamine receptor agonists?

A

Ergot derivatives: - Cardiac fibrosis - Valvular disease Non-ergot derivatives do not have these effects

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7
Q

Side effects of chlopramazine and haloperidol

A

chlopramazine:

High incidence - anti-cholinergic, especially sedation

•Low incidence - extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS)

haloperidol:

•High incidence - EPS

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8
Q

SIde effects of different secon genearation anti-psychotics

A

Clozapine

Side effects

•Can cause potentially fatal neutropenia, agranulocytosis, myocarditis & weight gain(these set of side effects are why it is used as a last resort)

Risperidone

Side effects

•More EPS & hyperprolactinaemia than other atypical antipsychotics

Quetiapine

Side effects

•Lower incidence of EPS than other antipsychotics

Aripiprazole

Side effects

•Reduced incidences of hyperprolactinaemia & weight gain than other antipsychotics

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9
Q

What are the unwanted effects of cocaine overdose?

A

CNS - excitation, euphoria CVS - increased CO, hypertension, vasoconstriction (all sympathetic actions)

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10
Q

What are the unwanted effects of lidocaine overdose?

A

CNS - restlessness, confusion, tremor (paradoxical) CVS - myocardial depression, vasodilation, hypotension (caused by Na channel blockade)

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11
Q

What are the side effects of spinal anaesthesia?

A

Decreased BP Prolonged headache

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12
Q

what are the advers effects of CHD drugs

A

book 3 : 64-66

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13
Q

What are the unwanted effects of cocaine overdose?

A

CNS - excitation, euphoria CVS - increased CO, hypertension, vasoconstriction (all sympathetic actions)

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14
Q

What are the unwanted effects of lidocaine overdose?

A

CNS - restlessness, confusion, tremor (paradoxical) CVS - myocardial depression, vasodilation, hypotension (caused by Na channel blockade)

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15
Q

What are the side effects of spinal anaesthesia?

A

Decreased BP Prolonged headache

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16
Q

Suxamethonium side effects

A

Unwanted Effects

Post-operative muscle pains

This is due to the initial fasciculations

Bradycardia

This is due to the direct muscarinic action on the heart

But this effects tends to be prevented by the fact that suxamethonium is generally given after general anaesthetic when patients would have had atropine (competitive muscarinic antagonist) in their pre-med

Hyperkalaemia

Soft tissue injury or burns can lead to ventricular arrhythmias/cardiac arrest

If there is a burn or some soft tissue injury, you will lose some of the neurones innervating the muscle and so you get upregulation of the receptors in the skeletal muscle = deinnervation supersensitivity

So if you give suxamethonium you will get an exaggerated response

You get bigger influx of sodium and bigger efflux of potassium

Raised Intraocular Pressure

AVOID for eye injuries and glaucoma

 

17
Q

Unwanted Effects of Tubocurarine

A

Ganglion block - it could block some of the nicotinic receptors in the ganglia

Histamine release from mast cells

Hypotension

Blood pressure can drop due to ganglion blockade

Histamine can act on the H1 receptors on the vasculature and cause vasodilation

Tachycardia

May lead to arrhythmias

This is a reflex in response to the hypotension

Could also be due to the blockade of vagal ganglia

Bronchospasm

Caused by the histamine release

Excessive secretions (bronchial and salivary)

Caused by the histamine release

Apnoea

This is why you always assist respiration in someone who’s taking tubocurarine

 

REMEMBER: the unwanted effects of tubocurarine are mainly due to ganglion blockade and histamine release from mast cells

 

18
Q

Pilocarpine

A

The side effects are the general effects of parasympathetic discharge:

Blurred vision

Sweating

GI disturbance and pain

Hypotension

Respiratory distress

19
Q

Bethanechol

A

Again the side-effects are that of parasympathetic discharge:

Sweating

Impaired vision

Nausea

Bradycardia

Hypotension

Respiratory difficulty

20
Q

Ecothiopate side effects

A

Side-effects are that of parasympathetic discharge:

Sweating

Blurred vision

GI disturbance and pain

Bradycardia

Hypotension

Respiratory difficulty

21
Q

side effects of beta antagonists and unwanted effects in certain conditions

A

Fatigue - due to reduced cardiac output and reduced muscle perfusion

Cold Extremities - loss of beta receptor mediated vasodilation of cutaneous vessels

Bad Dreams

Summary of conditions in which you wouldn’t give a non-selective beta blocker:

ASTHMA

COPD

CARDIAC FAILURE

DIABETES

22
Q

Methyldopa adverse effects

A

Adverse effects: dry mouth, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, male sexual dysfunction

23
Q

Salbutamol side effects

A

Side Effects:

Reflex tachycardia

Tremor

Blood sugar dysregulation

24
Q

Isoprenaline, Dobutamine ,Salbutamol (Ventolin) common side effects

A

reflex tachycardia

25
Q

Side effects of ARB

A

b2p182:4

A: PnT- for the rest(du(c)) (23 decks)

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