List of Fallacies

Question 1

Dogmatism

Answer 1

Insisting one’s beliefs are unquestionably correct, ignoring evidence or counterarguments.

Question 2

Invincible Ignorance

Answer 2

Refusing to accept compelling contrary evidence or arguments.

Question 3

Wishful Thinking

Answer 3

Believing something because one desires it to be true, disregarding evidence.

Question 4

Cherry-Picking Evidence

Answer 4

Selecting only evidence that supports one’s argument while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Question 5

Appeal to Consequences

Answer 5

Judging an argument’s validity based on the desirability of its conclusions, rather than evidence.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

Seeking and favoring information that confirms existing beliefs, ignoring or dismissing contradictory evidence.

Question 7

Equivocation

Answer 7

Using a word or phrase with multiple meanings inconsistently within the same argument.

Question 8

Ambiguity

Answer 8

Statements that have multiple valid interpretations, making the intended meaning unclear.

Question 9

Vagueness

Answer 9

Lack of specificity or precision, making the exact meaning uncertain.

Question 10

Argument from Ignorance

Answer 10

Claiming something is true because it hasn’t been proven false (or vice versa).

Question 11

Shifting the Burden of Proof

Answer 11

Forcing others to disprove one’s claim rather than providing evidence oneself.

Question 12

Special Pleading

Answer 12

Exempting one’s claim from the burden of proof without justification.

Question 13

Straw Man Fallacy

Answer 13

Misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent’s argument to easily refute it.

Question 14

Misquoting Out of Context

Answer 14

Distorting meaning by isolating statements from their intended context.

Question 15

False Dichotomy

Answer 15

Reducing complex issues to only two extreme options, ignoring nuanced perspectives.

Question 16

Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question)

Answer 16

Assuming the conclusion within premises, offering no independent evidence.

Question 17

Contradictory Premises

Answer 17

Using premises that logically conflict with each other.

Question 18

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 18

Incorrectly assuming the falsity of an antecedent condition disproves the consequent result.

Question 19

Red Herring

Answer 19

Introducing unrelated points to distract from the main issue.

Question 20

Ad Hominem

Answer 20

Attacking the person rather than addressing their argument.

Question 21

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 21

Evaluating an argument based solely on its origin rather than its evidence or merit.

Question 22

Appeal to Questionable Authority

Answer 22

Using the testimony of an unqualified or irrelevant source as evidence.

Question 23

Slippery Slope

Answer 23

Assuming a minor action will inevitably lead to extreme consequences without sufficient evidence.

Question 24

False Dilemma

Answer 24

Presenting an issue as having only two extreme options, ignoring viable alternatives.

Question 25

Hasty Generalization

Answer 25

Drawing broad conclusions from insufficient or unrepresentative evidence.

Question 26

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 26

Relying primarily on personal stories or isolated incidents as proof.

Question 27

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Answer 27

Assuming one event caused another simply because it occurred first.

Question 28

Ignoring Counterevidence

Answer 28

Disregarding opposing evidence or arguments.

Question 29

Poisoning the Well

Answer 29

Preemptively discrediting the opponent rather than addressing their argument.

Question 30

No True Scotsman

Answer 30

Arbitrarily redefining criteria to dismiss counterexamples.

Question 31

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 31

Assuming a claim is true (or false) simply because it hasn’t been proven otherwise.

Question 32

False Compromise

Answer 32

Assuming the truth always lies between two opposing views.

Question 33

Argument to Moderation

Answer 33

Assuming a moderate position is inherently correct without considering the evidence.

Question 34

Moving the Goalposts

Answer 34

Arbitrarily changing the resolution criteria after they’ve been met.

Question 35

Ignoring Resolution Criteria

Answer 35

Refusing to acknowledge agreed-upon criteria even when they’ve been satisfied.