List of important parameters from web Flashcards

Question

Normal Hematocrit values

Answer 1

Males 45% 40-52% Females 40% 35-48%

Answer 2

2.2-2.8 mM 130-180 g/L in men 120-160 g/L in women

Answer 3

Na - 145 mM K - 5 mM Ca - 1.0-1.3 mM free very tightly controlled - 1.0-1.3 mM protein bound - 0.2 mM anion complexed. - total 2.2-2.8 mM Cl - 95 mM HCO3 - 22 mM protein ~ 1mM 1.2 mM pH 7.38-7.42 H+ 40nM Osmolarity 290mOsm/L

Answer 4

Due to the donnan effect of large, negatively charged, impermeable proteins in the blood, positively charged ions are sightly retained and negatively charged ions are slightly expelled, when comparing the blood to the interstitial fluid. Also bicarbonate is 6mM higher due to the cells which are producing it. Soluble protein is very low. Na - 140 mM K - 4mM Ca - 1.1mM free 2.2-.28 mM total Cl - 105 mM HCO3 - 28mM Protein - 0-0.2mM pH slightly lower than in blood 290mOsm/L

Answer 5

Na - 10-15mM K - 140mM Ca - 100nM cytoplasm 1mM in sarcoplasm/ER Cl - 20-30mM HCO3 - 12-16mM Protein 4 mM ~6.8g/dL pH 7.2 290mOsm/L

Answer 6

1.4 mOsm/Kg 28 mmHg oncotic pressure 19 mmHg from the proteins, 9 mmHg from their associated ions

Answer 7

- 90mV - 50 -60 mV - 90mV - 60mV

Answer 8

Na+ - +65 mV K+ - -90 mV Ca++ - +135 mV Cl- - -60mV

Answer 9

Right atrial pressure ~2 mmHG

Answer 10

20-25% of CO 1200 ml/min 600-700 ml plasma/min

Answer 11

15% of CO | 750 ml/min

Answer 12

5% of CO 250 ml/min elaborate

Answer 13

5% 250 ml/min can be dropped by subcutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses.

Answer 14

20% of CO 1 L/min 20 L/min elaborate

Answer 15

150mL about 30mL in the ventricles about 120mL in the subarachnoid space 0.35 mL of CSF is produced each minute, with no feedback regulation Total CSF is turned over more than 3X each day.

Answer 16

CSF has lower K+, glucose, and protein Higher Na+ and Cl- ``` Na - 148 mM K - 2.9 mM Cl - 120-130mM Glucose - 50-75 mg/dL Protein 15-45 mg/dL --> about 200 times Lower than in blood. pH - 7.3 ``` normal blood glucose 4.4-6.1 mM 70-100 mg/dL 0.7 - 1.0 g/L normal CSF glucose is about 60-70% of the blood glucose 50-75 mg/dL 0.5 - 0.75 g/L

Answer 17

Arterial end 35 mmHg | Venous end 10 mmHg

Answer 18

aka hepatic plus portal vein flow 1.5 L/min 75% from portal veins 25% from hepatic artery portal blood flow is not regulated, except by local factors to meet its demand. The hepatic flow is modulated with respect to the amount of portal flow in order to keep rate constant at abou 1.5L/min, so if portal flow increases, hepatic flow is decreased and vice versa.

Answer 19

Arterial end: 30 mmHg | Venous: 10 mmHg

Answer 20

13 mmHg net filtration pressure | 7 mmHG net resorption pressure (-7mmHg filtration pressure)

Answer 21

AVDO2 = 50mL/L blood Average arterial O2 content = 200mL/L, 20% volumes % and about 98% saturated hemoglobin, Average enous O2 content =150ml/L ~15% volumes % and about 75% hemoglobin saturated.

Answer 22

120mL/L of blood both at rest of during exercise very high, always operating at maximum extraction, so the only way to increase coronary O2 supply is to increase flow, which is done by local metabolic regulation. Gives a total of about 30ml/minute of O2 consumption, out of the total 250ml/min of total body O2 consumption.

Answer 23

~25ml/L | very low

Answer 24

have a low baseline oxygen extraction to meet tissue metabolism, but a very high oxygen demand that changes directly in relation to the amount of Na+ reabsorbed. 0.5ml/min/100g of tissue baseline at 0 Na+ reabsorption. at normal levels of Na+ resorption, 12mEq/min resorbed. 2 ml/min/100g Which works out to about 6 ml/min

Answer 25

50ml/L | mass of brain ~1.5 kg

Answer 26

60 ml/L rest 160 ml/L during exercise with training Blood flow to muscles can also increase by 15-20 times to those muscles being actively used due to 1) increased CO due to increased heart activity and sympathetic contraction of blood reserves 2) increased flow due to local metabolic regulation and dilation of the supplying arterioles. 3) increased opening of precapillary sphincters on the metarterioles and increased capillary recruitment. Overall: can be a 20X increase in muscle flow, and a 2.5X increase in muscle oxygen extraction. Resulting in up to 50 times increased O2 delivery.

Answer 27

males VC - 4.8 FRC - 2.4 RV - 1.2 TLC - 6 ``` ERV = FRC-RV = 1.2 IRV = VC - ERV - Vt = 3.1 ```

Answer 28

females VC - 3.2 FRC - 1.8 RV - 1 TLC - 4.2 ``` ERV = FRC - RV = 0.8 IRV = VC - ERV - Vt = 0.9 ```

Answer 29

Vt - 500 ml Vd - 150 ml VA - 350 ml multiply by 12 breaths per minute for normal per minute values.

Answer 30

exhaled minute volume = Dead space ventilation + Alveolar ventilation VoE = VoD + VoA

Answer 31

Ppl changes from -5cmH20 to -8cmH20 during inspiration, then back during expiration

Answer 32

PAlv changes from 0 at FRC to -1 during inspiration, and then is back to 0 at the end of inspiration, when no air is moving. Then during expiration, it moves temporarily to +1cmH20 and then back to 0 at the end of expiration.

Answer 33

Alveolar gas PO2 = 100mmHg PCO2 = 40mmHg Arterial blood PO2 = 95mmHg PCO2 = 40mmHg Venous blood PO2 = 40mmHg PCO2 = 46mmHg

Answer 34

VO2 = oxygen consumption/per min =250ml/min peak at 2.5-3.5 Liters/min untrained 4.5 L/min trained

Answer 35

About 20 volumes percent in the arteries and 15 volumes percent in the veins. arteries 200ml/L veins 150ml/L

Answer 36

1200 - 1300ml/min 600-700ml/min plasma

Answer 37

125ml/min total. Filtration Fraction = FF FF = GFR / Renal plasma flow =0.2

Answer 38

``` Afferent Capillary (incoming capillary Hydrostatic pressure = 60mmHg Oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg ``` ``` Efferent Capillary (outgoing) Hydrostatic pressure = 20 mmHg Oncotic pressure = 36 mmHg ``` Average oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillary: 32mmHg Bowman's space: Hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg Oncotic pressure = 0mmHg (no protein)

Answer 39

4. 2ml/min/mmHg 0. 01ml/min/mmHg Glomerular capillaries have about a 400X higher Kf.

Answer 40

Average = 10mmHg Afferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 28mmHg - 18mmHg = 14mmHg Efferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 36mmHg - 18mmHg = 6

Answer 41

proximal tubule and cortex interstitium 300 mOsm/L ``` distal tubule (totally impermeable to water) 100 mOsm/L ``` 1200 mOsm/L

Answer 42

80-170 mmHg

Answer 43

max concentrated urine : 0.5L/day at 1200mOsm/L max diluted urine : 15-18L/day at 50mOsm/L

Answer 44

1200mOsm/L Very high Na+ Cl- concentrations also very high Urea concentration, urea contributes 40-50% of the osmolarity.

Answer 45

375 mg/min

Answer 46

pH 7.4 | and 40 mmHg PCO2

Answer 47

Buffer base: 44-49mEq ^calculated at std HCO3- Base excess: the amount of strong acid neccessary to titrate one liter of the blood pH to 7.4 at 40mmHg of PCO2. Is normally minus or plus 2.5 mEq. Minus indicates that there is a base deficit and plus indicating there is a base excess. Standard HCO3- = 24mMol [HCO3-] at normal PCO2, normal range is 22-26mMol, Normal PCO2 range is 36-44 mmHg Actual HCO3- 24mMol

Answer 48

pH = 6.1 x log ( [HCO3-]std / (0.03 x PaCO2) )

Answer 49

Upper Esophageal Sphincter: 60mmHg tonic contraction, relaxes during swallowing reflex Middle portion of esophagus tonically relaxed, initiates primary peristalsis on swallowing reflex and secondary peristalsis by continued presence of food Lower Esophageal Sphincter: 30mmHg tonic contraciton, relaxes shortly after the swallowing reflex is initiated, well before food reaches it from the esophageal peristaltic waves called the "Receptive Relaxation", and remains relaxed for about 10 seconds before contracting strongly (as the final portion of the peristaltic push) then returning to tonic 30mmHg contraction.

Answer 50

25mmol/hour in males 16mmol/hour in females (males are more likely to get ulcers due to higher acid production, they can produce more acid because...they have bigger stomachs!) It occurs during the Gastric phase after a meal, approximately 1 hour after eating.

Answer 51

Males: 4.5-5.5 million per microliter HCT: 40-52% Females 3.9-5.3 million per microliter HCT 37-48% lifespan 120 days almost exactly WBCs 3,000-12,000 per microliter lifespan 4-30 days Daily hematopoeisis is 10^11 cells per day, 25% RBCs, 75% are WBCs over 1 million per second

Answer 52

Neutrophils 65% Lymphocytes 25-30% Monocytes 4-8% Eisinophils 2-4% Basophils 0-1% 3,000-12,000 per microliter normal range. same for both sexes

Answer 53

Platelet count 250,000-300,000 per microliter same for both seces

Answer 54

the minimum energy consumption in an awake, supine, relaxed, and totally inactive state while not digesting any food. Men: 7,000 kJ/day Women: 6,000 kJ/day 50-70% of the TEE 170 kJ/square meter of surface area/hour BMR is linearly related to Surface area of an individual and NOT mass. But sex, age, and body temperature also affect it, and men with equal surface area will still be a bit higher than women.

Answer 55

equals the

Answer 56

The other two factos of the TEE TEE = MBR + DIE + EE Diet induced thermogenesis = 8-15% of TEE the energy expenditure of secretion, absroption, and motility of the gut. Energy Expenditure: The energy of physical activity very variable depending on lifestyle usually 15-30% of TEE

Answer 57

Pulm. Capillary hydrostatic pressure = 7mm Hg Pulm. Capillary oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg Interstitial hydrostatic pressure = Negative -8mmHg Interstitial oncotic pressure = 14 mmHg Net filtration pressure = 1 mmHg The pulmonary capillary system is more leaky to proteins in order to elevate the interstitial oncotic pressure and compensate for the lowered hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary circulation.

Answer 58

VCO2/VO2 the ratio of the amount of CO2 exhaled to the amount of O2 consumed by the lungs fat = 0.7 protein =0.8 carbohydrate 1.0 normal respiratory quotient is about 0.8 under normal dietary conditions in a non-starved, not immeidately post-prandial, intermediate state. Immediately following a meal the carbohydrates are most rapidly metabolized and RQ is about 1.0 In a starved stat >8-10 hours it is mostly adipose and is 0.7 CO2 production, 200ml/min consumption 250ml/min ratio = 0.8

Answer 59

Fats: 39 kJ/g Carbs: 17 kJ/g Proteins 17 kJ/g 1L of O2 consumed = 21 kJ energy generated/consumed

Answer 60

``` Frequencies: in Hz Gamma: >30Hz Beta: 14-30 Alpha: 8-13 Theta: 4-7 Delta: 0.5-4 ``` Amplitudes: Beta:

Answer 61

Cornea - 40-44 Diopters Lens - 17-21 Diopters

Answer 62

Neutrophils: General phagocytes, NADPH-oxidase peroxisomal degradation Eiosinophils: Anti-parasitic. The Eisinophilic compound in them is Major Basic Protein, which is toxic to parasite. Secrete ROS granules Are also recruited to Allergic reaction sites Basophils: Similar to Mast cells, express and release lots of cytokines and vasodilators on activation Activated in immune resopnse Express membrane-bound IgE's and when they bind lots of targets these will rip open the Basophils causing degranulation Dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells Mononuclear cells: phagocytes antigen presenting cells Lmphyocytes: include T-cells, B-cells, and NK-cells.