list the organs in the gi tract

Question 1

list the organs that make up the gi tract

Answer 1

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Question 2

List the accessory digestive organs and structures involved in the digestive process.

Answer 2

teeth, tongue, and gallbaldder

Question 3

List the six general functions of the digestive system

Answer 3

ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 4

ingestion

Answer 4

its the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity

Question 5

motility

Answer 5

it describes both voluntary and involuntary muscular conractions for moving materials thru the GI tract

Question 6

secretion

Answer 6

the process of producing and releasing substances that facilitate both digestion and the movement of contents within the GI tract

Question 7

digestion

Answer 7

the breakdown of ingested food into smaller components that may be absorbed from the GI tract

Question 8

absorption

Answer 8

involves membrane transport of digested molecules across the epithelial lining of the GI tract into the blood and lymph

Question 9

elimination

Answer 9

expulsion of indigestible components thru the anal canal

Question 10

List the four tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall.

Answer 10

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

Question 11

Briefly explain the process of absorption

Answer 11

it occurs when substances are moved thru the simple columnar epithelial cells that line the GI tract wall and are absorbed into the blood or lymphatic capillaries located within the lamina propria

Question 12

distinguish the action of the muscularis mucosae of the mucosal tunic from the muscularis tunic

Answer 12

muscularis mucosae is composed ofa thin layer of smooth muscle and it “shake things up” and the muscularis tunic is the inner circular layer

Question 13

enteric nervous system

Answer 13

it consists of both sensory and motor neurons that extends from the esophagus to the anus

Question 14

autonomic nervous system

Answer 14

it has the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems of the digestive system

Question 15

short reflexes

Answer 15

its a local reflex and it only involes the enteric nervous system

Question 16

long reflexes

Answer 16

it involves a sensory input from the central nervous system and serves as the integration center

Question 17

the hormones that regulate the process of digestion

Answer 17

gastrin, somatosatin, cck, and secretin

Question 18

what is the stimulus for release of gastrin

Answer 18

a bolus in stomach

Question 19

what is the stimulus for release of somatosatin

Answer 19

if there is an increase in stomach acidity

Question 20

what is the stimulus for release of cck

Answer 20

chyme entering duodenum, especially if chyme has a lot of fat

Question 21

what is the stimulus for the release of secretin

Answer 21

chyme entering duodenum, especially if chyme has a lot of acid

Question 22

the serous membrane is associated with the abdominopelvic cavity called what

Answer 22

the periotoneum.

Question 23

the peritoneum is consisted of 2 serous membrane layers that are continuous with one another along what

Answer 23

the posterior abdominal wall

Question 24

intraperiotneal organs

Answer 24

organs within the abdomin that are completely surrounded by visceral periotneum

Question 25

retroperiotneal organs

Answer 25

they lie outside of the partial peritoneum directly against the posterior abdominal wall

Question 26

Explain the function of the mesentery

Answer 26

it supports, suspends, and stabilizes the intraperitoneal organs

Question 27

what are the five individual mesenteries of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 27

greater omentum, lesser omentum, falciform, mesentary proper, and mesocolon

Question 28

greater omentum

Answer 28

extends inferiorly from the greater curvature and covers most of the abdominal organs

Question 29

lesser omentum

Answer 29

connects the lesser curvature and the end of the duodenum to the liver

Question 30

falciform

Answer 30

it attatches the liver to the to the internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 31

mesentery proper

Answer 31

periotoneum that suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall

Question 32

mesocolon

Answer 32

fold of the peritoneum that attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall (transverse/sigmoid)

Question 33

what are the components of the upper gastrointestinal tract

Answer 33

oral cavity and salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

Question 34

explain how the release of saliva is regulated

Answer 34

the salivary nuclei within the pons regulate salivation in response to parasympathic stimulation. viscous saliva is a result of sympathetic stimulation

Question 35

describe the process of mastication

Answer 35

mechanical digestion in the oral cavity or chewing

Question 36

Describe the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus and their complementary activities in the process of swallowing.

Answer 36

1. entry of the bolus into the oropharynx 2. elevation of the soft palate and the uvula to block the passageway between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx 3. elevation of the larynx results in the epiglottis covering the trachea

Question 37

what does the stomach do

Answer 37

the stomach secress highly aciditc gastric juices that facilitate the breakdown of food

Question 38

Describe the three components of the lower gastrointestinal tract

Answer 38

small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive organs

Question 39

what are the associated accessory digestive organs in the lower GI tract

Answer 39

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 40

Identify and describe the anatomy of the small intestine

Answer 40

a long tube that extends between the stomach and the large intestine

Question 41

List the glands found in the small intestine

Answer 41

goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and paneth cells, and duodenal submucosal glands

Question 42

goblet cells

Answer 42

they produce mucin which lubricates and protects the intestinal lining

Question 43

enteroendocrine cells

Answer 43

release hormones such as cck and secretin into the blood

Question 44

paneth cells

Answer 44

assist with the functioning of the innate immune system

Question 45

duodenal submucosal gland (brunner gland)

Answer 45

produces a viscous alkaline mucous secretion that protects the duodenum from the acidic chyme that enters from the stomach

Question 46

when chyme first enters the small intestine ________ is more prevalent than peristalsis

Answer 46

segmentation

Question 47

segmentation

Answer 47

mixes chyme with secretions from the accessory digestive organs thru a backward forward motion

Question 48

________ propels material by alternating contraction of the muscle layers in the small intestine

Answer 48

peristalsis

Question 49

List the accessory digestive organs associated with releasing secretions into the duodenum, and describe the ducts that deliver these secretions

Answer 49

``` liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas biliary apparatus (liver and gallbladder) pancreatic ducts (pancreas) ```

Question 50

oxygenated blood to the liver is delievered from ______

Answer 50

the hepatic artery

Question 51

and deoxygenated blood ito the liver is delivered thru the _______

Answer 51

hepatic portal vein

Question 52

how do blood and bile flow thru the liver

Answer 52

they enter into a sinusoid where blood is processed and then drained into the central vein of the lobule

Question 53

Identify and describe the pancreas, and explain its general function in digestion.

Answer 53

it has endocrine and exocrine functions. exocrine cells produce pancreatic juice to assist with chemical digestion

Question 54

Identify and describe the three major regions of the large intestine

Answer 54

the cecum, colon, and the rectum

Question 55

four segments of the colon of the large intestine.

Answer 55

ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid

Question 56

Explain the distinguishing histologic features of the large intestine.

Answer 56

lined by simple columnar epi with numorous goblet cells. it lacks intestinal villi. has intestinal crypts

Question 57

Name the three classes of carbohydrates

Answer 57

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 58

Explain the processing in the oral cavity that initiates carbohydrate digestion and how it is completed in the small intestine.

Answer 58

digestion of starch begins in the oral cavity and is broken down by salivary amylase. starch digestion continues wothin the small intestine and is further broken down by pancreatic amylase

Question 59

Explain why the proteolytic enzymes of the stomach and pancreas are synthesized in inactive forms.

Answer 59

becasue they would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them

Question 60

Describe the activation of pepsin in the initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

Answer 60

HCl activates the formation of pepsin from pepsinogen

Question 61

describe the role of pepsin in the initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

Answer 61

pepsin chemically digests proteins into shorter strands of amino acids

Question 62

Describe the activation of proteolytic enzymes and the chemical digestion of proteins that occurs in the small intestine.

Answer 62

tripsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxypeptidase enter the small intestine and are activated by the enzyme enteropeptidase.

Question 63

Explain the role of bile salts in mechanical digestion of lipids and the role of pancreatic lipase in the chemical digestion of triglycerides.

Answer 63

bile salts emulsify lipids so that pancreatic lipase has greater access to triglyceride molecules and may more affectivly chemically digest the triglyceride molecules