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Building Technology > Listing > Flashcards

Listing Flashcards

1
Q

List shallow foundations.

A

Strip, pad and raft foundations. (Spread foundations)

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2
Q

List deep foundations.

A

Piles/columns.

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3
Q

What piles do low-rise and medium- to high-rise buildings use?

A

Low-rise:
-Short bored piles
Medium- to high- rise:
-Driven piles
-Driven cast-in-place concrete piles
-Bored piles

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4
Q

List types of pile tests.

A

Sonic test, pile load test, and standard penetration test (SPT).

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5
Q

List the criteria that the formation of building platforms by cutting (excavation) and filling must conform to.

A

Elevations, plan shapes, dimensions and falls.

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6
Q

List the major categories that fills can be divided into.

A

Control fills and random fills.

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7
Q

In control fills, what is prescribed and controlled during the working phase?

A

Constituents of the filling materials (types, mix, grading, and moisture content)
Means of compaction
Progress rate
Supervision
Field tests.

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8
Q

List the major types of retaining walls.

A

Gravity retaining walls
Cantilever retaining walls
and diaphragm retaining walls (commonly used for deep basement construction).

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9
Q

List the common forms of slope protection.

A

Rock facing
Gunite (Shotcrete)
Soil nails
Hydroseeding

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10
Q

What does the appropriate slope protection depend on?

A

Soil type(s) and conditions
Slope gradient
Location
Local climatic factors

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11
Q

List common examples of surface drains.

A

U-channels
Stepped channels
Catch pits

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12
Q

List the major types of excavation.

A

General excavation
Trench excavation
Deep excavation
Open cut excavation

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13
Q

List the functions that basements provide.

A

Extra rooms (like carpark, mechanical room and back-of-house)
Limit consolidation
Reduce differential settlement under buildings in which some parts are heavier than others
Exploit advantages of raft foundations

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14
Q

During and after basement construction, list the major functional requirements of basements.

A

Maintain the lateral thrust of mass of earth on the sides
Keep out water from the work
Provide mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting
Provide means of escape (MOE) in case of emergency (e.g. fire outbreak)
Provide fire compartmentation
Provide fire fighting measures

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15
Q

List what peripheral walls of a basement need to be able to do.

A

Resist overturning
Resist slide
Resist over-stressing in materials of the walls
In many cases, support vertical loads from the building above.

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16
Q

List the problems that deep excavation in urban areas present.

A

Presence of adjacent buildings, often old and fragile
Presence of streets or roads and underground services
Mechanical characteristics of the local subsoil
Lateral groundwater flow and level causing up-lift pressures (hydrostatic uplift) when groundwater table is higher than bottom of foundation level

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17
Q

List the types of temporary retaining structures.

A

Diaphragm wall (temporary or permanent)
Steel sheet piling
Soldier piles (aka Berlin method)

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18
Q

What is the construction process of diaphragm walls?

A
  1. Guide walls
  2. Trench excavation
  3. Stop ends and reinforcement cage
  4. Concreting
  5. Re-use of bentonite
  6. Ground anchors
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19
Q

List the methods that can be adopted to achieve watertight construction of basements.

A

Unlined concrete (integral waterproofing)
Lined construction with external tanking (external lining)
Lined construction with internal tanking (internal lining)

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20
Q

List the conventional construction materials for building structures.

A

Concrete
Formwork
Falsework
Reinforcement
Brickwork

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21
Q

List the materials used in the production of concrete.

A

Cement
Aggregate/sand
Water

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22
Q

List the commonly used aggregates.

A

Sand
Gravel
Crushed rocks

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23
Q

List the characteristics of concrete that are considered for engineering works.

A

Setting time (Initial and final)
Strength (7 day (65%) 28 day (99%))
Density (affected by types of aggregates used)
Workability (flowability and mouldability)
Resistance to sulphate (from subsoil) and/or acid (from rain) attack

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24
Q

List the potential hazards that green concrete must be protected from.

A

Excessive heat or cold
Excessive vibration
Excessive deflection/deformation
Excessive imposed loading

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25
Q

In normal weather conditions, list the minimum striking period of temporary formwork and falsework.

A

9 - 12 hours for column, walls and side of large beams
11 - 14 days for the soffit of slabs
15 - 21 days for the soffit of beams
28 days for cantilever beams or slabs

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26
Q

List the major categories that reinforcing bars can be broadly divided into.

A

Mild steel bars (aka round bars)
High yield bars (aka deformed/ribbed bars)

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27
Q

List the kind of bonds in brickwork laying.

A

Stretcher bond
English bond
Flemish bond

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28
Q

List the openings in solid walls.

A

Jambs
Heal
Sill
Lintel

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29
Q

List the ways that brickwork can be finished.

A

Joining (carried out as the work proceeds)
Pointing (carried out after completion)
Dowel bars
Brick meshes
Damp-proof courses

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30
Q

List common materials of structural elements of typical high-rise buildings.

A

Reinforced concrete
-Cast-in-situ concrete
-Precast concrete
Structural steel
Combination of reinforced concrete and structural steel (composite elements/composite structure)

31
Q

List three basic concepts of structure.

A

Skeletal structure
Solid structure
Surface structure

32
Q

List the two broad groups of surface structures.

A

Those in which elements are made of thin plates of solid material which are given the necessary stiffness by being curved or bent
Those in which elements consist of very thin flexible sheet membranes suspended or stretched in tension over supporting members.

33
Q

List the functional requirements of structural walls.

A

Loading - dead load, live load, wind load
Eccentric loading
Buckling
Overturning

34
Q

List the purposes that load-bearing walls in low- and medium-rise residential buildings can serve.

A

Structural support
Partitioning
Fire compartmentation
Noise barrier
Thermal insulation

35
Q

List the functional requirements of floor slabs.

A

Strong and stable
Fire resisting
Sound insulating
Thermal insulating
Damp and ground gas resisting

36
Q

List the common forms of reinforced concrete floors.

A

In-situ cast floors
-Plate floor
-Flat slab floor
-Tee-beam or ribbed floor
-Rectangular grid floor
-Transfer plate

37
Q

List the ways that necessary stiffness or wind bracing can be obtained.

A

Deep beams/girders
Brackets/gussets
Diagonal bracings
Shear walls

38
Q

List the processes that influence the prestressed concrete design of the structure.

A

Pre-tensioning
Post-tensioning

39
Q

List the functional requirements of external walls.

A

Strength and stability
Weather resistance
Thermal insulation
Fire resistance
Sound insulation
Aesthetical attraction
Window area - for day-lighting and natural ventilation

40
Q

List the kinds of load-bearing external walls.

A

Concrete wall with high concrete strength to support loading
Panel wall

41
Q

List the factors that the design of panel walls should take into account.

A

Dead weight of the wall
Lateral pressure to be resisted
High pressures and suction caused by wind near the eaves and corners of the building

42
Q

List the types of exterior cladding.

A

Stainless steel cladding
Fiber cement cladding
Brick cladding
Wooden cladding
Stone cladding
Vinyl cladding
Aluminum cladding
Curtain wall systems

43
Q

List the functional requirements of roofs.

A

Strength and stability
Weather resistance
Thermal insulation
Fire resistance
Sound insulation
Aesthetical attraction
Sky-light - for day-lighting and natural ventilation

44
Q

List the types of loads acting on a structure.

A

Dead loads
Imposed loads
Wind loads
Snow loads
Earthquake loads
Special loads

45
Q

List the factors important to keep the dead weight of a building to a minimum.

A

Characteristics of the materials to be used
Form or shape of the roof

46
Q

List the materials used for roofs of long spans.

A

Steel
Concrete
Aluminium
Timber
Plastics and glass fiber-reinforced plastics

47
Q

List the types of structure available for long span of roof.

A

Space frame and other forms of grid structures
Cable network structures
Tent structures
Shell barrel vaults
Shell domes
Folded slabs
etc

48
Q

List the two types of roofs.

A

Flat (< 10 degrees)
Pitched (> 10 degrees)

49
Q

List the things that make up the functional requirements of a roof.

A

Roof structure
Roof covering
(i.e. roof is a composite construction)

50
Q

List the forms of roof insulation.

A

Air void (e.g. attic under pitched roof)
Flexible insulation (e.g. mineral wool)
Stiff insulation (e.g. extruded polystyrene foam board or wood wool slab)

51
Q

List the materials that roof covering may be in the form of.

A

Asphalt
Bitumen
Waterproofing membrane (bitumen felt or plastic sheeting)
Liquid coatings (e.g. polyurethane)

52
Q

List the functional requirements of windows.

A

Provide natural sunlight
Provide ventilation to the building
Make a major contribution to the visual appearance of buildings but sometimes to obstruct views in

53
Q

List the different types of windows.

A

Casement
Tilt and turn
Sash
Sliding
Bay
Bow
Skylight
Transom

54
Q

List the materials used in the construction of windows.

A

Timber
Metal
Aluminium
PVC-U (not needed to know)

55
Q

List the aluminium window finishes normally available.

A

Mill finish
Anodized
Organic
Polyester powder coatings

56
Q

List the factors that the design of windows can be affected by.

A

Aesthetical effects
Requirements on thermal insulation and fire protection
-Affected mainly by size, material & construction of building
Requirements on ventilation and daylighting (distribution and intensity)
-Affected mainly by size, shape, design and location of building
Requirements on sound transmission
-Affected mainly by size, shape, design and location of building
Watertightness throughout its service life
Observing the need for setting barriers to fire spreading from one building to another through openings

57
Q

List the factors that the durability of a window depends on.

A

Characteristics of the different materials used for manufacture
How they’re prepared for the rigours encountered during their life
Construction techniques used for installation
Subsequent maintenance

58
Q

List the types that internal partitions can be categorized under.

A

Concrete (reinforced or not)
Brickwork
Blockwork
Drywall
Demountable partitions

59
Q

List the functional requirements of demountable partitions.

A

Appearance
Demountability
Partition strength
Fire precautions
Sound control
Integration of services
Durability and maintenance

60
Q

List the performance requirements of doors.

A

Appearance
Durability
Fire resistance
Strength and stability

61
Q

List the categories that doors can be divided into.

A

Panel doors
Flush doors

62
Q

List the types of door facings for flush doors.

A

Hardboard
Cheap ply facing
Selected ply facing
Grain printing on hardboard or ply
Laminates, metal facing and hardwood veneer

63
Q

List some ironmongery used in domestic and office construction.

A

Hinge
Lock
Latch
Floor spring
Overhead door closer
Spring hinge
Window stays and fasteners
Bolts
Miscellaneous items

64
Q

List the common plastering systems.

A

Lime plaster
Cement/lime plaster
Gypsum plaster

65
Q

Sand used for plastering must be:

A

Hard
Clean
Free from sea salts
Clay pellets

66
Q

If the sand used for plastering is not up to standard, it will adversely affect:

A

Strength
Hardening
Appearance
Durability
Cause efflorescence and recurrent dampness in the plasterwork

67
Q

List the functions served by false ceilings.

A

Reduction of room height
Provision of decorative planes
Concealment of services
Protection of structure and/or services against fire
Providing thermal insulation
Providing an integration means for the installation of lighting, fire services and HVAC fixtures
Contribution to sound control

68
Q

List the functional requirements of false ceilings.

A

Appearance
Weight
Accessibility
Fire protection
Noise control
Durability and maintenance

69
Q

What are the types of false ceilings?

A

Frame and panel system
Linear strip system
Louvre and open strip system
Integrated service system

70
Q

What are the fixing methods for ceiling panels? (frame and panel systems)

A

Exposed fixing
Concealed fixing
Clip fixing
Screw fixing

71
Q

Why are floor screeds provided?

A

Provide levelling surface to receive the top wearing surface
Provide room for housing of E&M service pipes, ducts, trunkings and conduits
Make up floor levels to suit the requirement of the situation
Provide falls

72
Q

Why are surface finishes used?

A

Provide attractive appearance
Protect structural floor from wearing or corrosion (due to water or chemicals)
Provide comfortable and safe surface, such as non-slipperiness, electrostatic free, warmth, quietness, resilience
Provide additional functions, e.g. waterproofing, sound absorption, sound attenuation, etc.

73
Q

What would the appropriate type of finishes depend on?

A

Functional requirements
Cost considerations
Construction methods
Speed of construction

74
Q

What is the purpose of painting?

A

Protection
Cleaniness
Decoration

Building Technology (5 decks)

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