LIT REVIEWER Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
-came from the Latin word litteratura which means writing, from litteratus, learning
-covers both oral and written forms of works that manifest expressive or imaginative quality, nobility of thoughts, timelessness, and lastly, universality.
-discusses various dimensions of life as well as its miseries and glories.
A
Literature
2
Q
__________ described literature mainly as a product or a commentary on the life process. Thus, man’s inner thoughts, feelings, and conditions can be disclosed and revealed through the power of literature.
A
Montealgue
3
Q
_____ is a term that refers to beauty and
magnificence. Literature takes an excellent form.
Its beauty is a deliberate manifestation of the
mind’s ability to create and imagine.
A
Dulce
4
Q
The significant truth about life that a literary work reveals should not wane and dissipate as time passes by. A work must have an enduring quality in which its beauty as well as its applicability can withstand the change of time.
A
Timelessness
5
Q
A work must have global applicability in
which a work transcends across space.
A
Universality
6
Q
this type of literature refers to literary works that have been written and published during the __st century, which began on January 1, 2001, and continues to the present day. This literature encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and themes, reflecting the diverse perspectives, experiences, and cultural shifts of the contemporary world
It often explores themes related to identity, globalization, technology’s impact on society, environmental concerns, social justice, and the complexities of human relationships. It also incorporates new forms of storytelling made possible by digital media, such as web novels, interactive fiction, and multimedia narratives.
A
21st Century Literature
7
Q
-Before the coming of the Spaniards
-Considered as the first and longest history among other periods
-Customs and traditions in everyday life
-Early Filipinos depend their way of living in the environment
-Oral literature marks the birth of literature in the Philippines, serves as their language of life and their way of promoting cultural heritage
-Alphabet - ALIBATA
-Early forms of poetry were meant to be recited in a manner of songs and chants.
-Even without proper training, early Filipinos managed to show their artistic side of producing poems and other literary pieces with
measurement and unified rhyming scheme.
A
Pre-Colonial Period
8
Q
Pre-Colonial Poetry that was used in witchcraft or enchantment especially in remote places in Visayas.
Example: Tabi-tabi po, makikiraan lang po.
A
Chants (Bulong)
9
Q
-Truths and wise sayings
-Expression of wisdom based on common sense and real-life experiences
A
Proverbs (Salawikain)
10
Q
A poem in quatrain containing 7 syllables
each line with a monorhyme.
A
Tanaga
11
Q
form of lyrical expression created by
people according to their region
A
Folk Songs
12
Q
This is a game in the form of a mystifying
question and a mind puzzle intended to be solved.
A
Riddles (Bugtong)
13
Q
aims to give an explanation about a certain natural phenomena. These are stories of mythological creatures, legends and humans with supernatural power transmitted orally and preserved as part of the region’s history.
A
Prose Narratives
14
Q
These are long narrative poems about
quests and exciting adventures of a hero with unusual strength and power.
Examples: Biag ni Lam-Ang, The Ulalim, Bantugan
A
Epics
15
Q
a story of gods and goddesses told using
a traditional language explaining mysteries, beliefs and cultural practices.
A
Myth
16
Q
stories intended to teach human values
with animals as major characters attributing human qualities
A
Fables
17
Q
These are stories explaining origins handed down from the past and passed through different generations. This is believed by some people but not proven scientifically.
Examples: The Legend of Pineapple, The Story of Bathala
A
Legends
18
Q
These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons.
Examples: The Boy who became a Stone, Mother Mountain
A
Folk Tales
19
Q
Literature from this period may be classified as
-Religious prose and poetry
-Secular prose and poetry
A
Spanish Period
20
Q
During the Spanish Period, The first Filipino alphabet, called Alibata was replaced by the _____ alphabet.
A
Roman Alphabet
21
Q
During the Spanish Period, The teaching of _____ _____ became the basis of religious practices.
A
Christian Doctrine
22
Q
these were brought during the Spanish Period where it became assimilated with in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
A
European legends and traditions
23
Q
During the Spanish Period, the natives were called _______.
A
Indios
24
Q
_____ is the term used for native literary writers during the Spanish Period,
A
Ladinos
25
This was the first book published in the Philippines. Which was a collection of prayers written in Spanish translated into Tagalog.
Doctrina Christiana
26
There were many _____________ plays played by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them are in poetic form.
Examples: Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong, Lagaylay
Recreational Plays
27
In the 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called __________, begin to write about the hitch of colonization.
These intellectuals consisted of
Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Illustrados
28
-Editor of the newspaper "La Solidaridad"
-His famous writing is the tale entitled "Fray Botod"
Graciano Lopez Jaena
29
-founded the nationalistic newspaper called “Diarong Tagalog”
-“Master of Tagalog Language”
-He wrote about patriotism
revealing the sad state of the
country and injustices towards
Filipinos.
Marcelo Del Pilar
30
-fondly called as “Balagtas”
-“Florante at Laura” - metrical
measurement and rhyming pattern
that creates beautiful imagery in
the readers’ eyes, reflected the
oppressive power of the Spaniards
during the Spanish-colonization era
Francisco Baltazar
31
The author of:
“Noli Me Tangere” (Touch Me Not) - work of the heart
“El Filibusterismo” - the work of
the mind
These reflect the current situation of
the Philippines during the
administration of the Spaniards.
Jose Rizal
32
“Father of Katipunan”
“Pag ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa”
Andres Bonifacio
33
“The Brains of Katipunan”
-Political essays using folk language
Emilio Jacinto
34
this movement was mostly spearheaded by the intellectual middle class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno
The Propaganda Movement
35
This period introduced English as the medium of instruction and administration.
Philippine literature during this period was often bilingual or multilingual.
While themes like love of country and nationalism were still present, there was also a growing influence on American culture, leading to themes of democracy, individualism, and social equality.
American Colonial Period
36
________ are American soldiers who came to the Philippines to become teachers
Thomasites
37
Philippine literature was interrupted in its development when another foreign country, Japan, conquered Philippines during 1941-1945. Philippine literature in English came to a halt.
The common theme of most poems during the occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.
Japanese Period
38
a poem of free verse. It was made up of 17 syllables and divided into 3 lines.
Haiku
39
This poem was like the Haiku, is short, but it has measure and rhyme.
Tanaga
40
The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of "struggle of mind and spirit." Literary writing in vernacular became popular. The writers had a better knowledge of their craft and enjoyed political activism.
Contemporary Period
41
a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of _______ _______ in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters” (Solmerano, et al., 2017).
This rank and title conferred by means of a Presidential Proclamation. It recognizes excellence in the fields of Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Broadcast Arts, and Architecture or Allied Arts.
National Artist / The National Artist Award
42
Born on May 4, 1917, in Paco, Manila to a colonel father and a language teacher mother, he was inclined to read at a very young age.
Having started as a scholar at prestigious schools abroad, he felt discontent with his studies. After opting to drop out of studies, his writing stints included journalism, reporter, and literary writer.
his writings are nostalgic and reminiscent of the Spanish era to which he was much known for.
-His rendition of human experience that is remote and strange using magical realism.
-Romantic and historic in style.
-His flashbacks are cinematic in effect.
-His baroque English which is heavily infused with Spanish terms.
- His writings infuse the formality of journalism and the creativity of literature.
Nick Joaquin
43
a Filipino poet, literary critic, short
story writer, and painter. He was
awarded the National Artist of the
Philippines title for literature in 1973.
He is known to have introduced the
“reversed consonance rhyme scheme”
in writing poetry, as well as the
extensive use of punctuation marks
especially commas, which made him
known as the Comma Poet.
He used the penname Doveglion
(derived from “Dove, Eagle, Lion”),
based on the characters he derived
from himself.
Jose Garcia Villa
44
Her poems were described as expressions of “verbal transfigurations of significant experiences” (NCAA, 2015). Therefore, her poems touch on people’s feelings toward a particular experience.
Together with her husband, Edilberto
Tiempo, she has been influential in
the development of Philippine
Literature in English, particularly in
fiction and poetry.
Unfortunately, she died in 2011. Even so, it is undeniable how she has still been widely studied in literature classes until the present. One such poem which made her famous is “Bonsai.”
Edith Tiempo
45
_________ themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
These themes may be explored through
characterization, setting, dialogue, plot, and other literary devices. Common themes in literature include love, loyalty, betrayal, identity, coming of age, and the search for meaning.
By examining these themes in a literary work, readers can gain a better understanding of the characters and their motivations, as well as the
society in which the story takes place.
Literary Themes
46
______ is a recurring idea or message found within a work of literature. It is usually some kind of statement about life and how it should be lived. Meaning in literature can be found in a variety of ways.
Theme
47
________ can be seen as an expression of an author's values or beliefs, or simply as an interesting story. It can be interpreted differently by different readers, depending on their personal life experience.
Meaning
48
History created the archetype of man as
dominant: power, bravery, and of religion and
philosophy.
In the Philippines, the role of the man is
essentialized; hence, that of power, language, and perception:
“Ang ama ay haligi ng tahanan,”
“Lalaki ako, walang mawawala sa akin,”
“Ang utos ng hari ay di nababali.”
In this sense, patriarchy constitutes
the idea that man is superior and
woman is inferior.
But this notion creates a problem both
for men and women: men will
constantly uphold this notion;
whereas, women will be victimized by
this notion.
Imaging The Filipino Man
49
History tells us that women have
either been idolized or discriminated
against.
Binary constructs about women exist
through centuries: significant or
inessential, beautiful or ugly, the light
and the dark, the cultivator and the
destroyer.
Patriarchal society creates a rather negative notion of women. * If she speaks too much, she does not know her place, if she doesn’t speak, she is weak. *
At present, feminism tried to replace the position of women in society. Even in the Philippines, women wove their way to power and podium.
Imaging The Filipino Woman
50
Ever since the Philippine pre-colonial period, the family has been an important unit in society.
It is in the family that we learn fundamental truths, perspectives, and beliefs about the world.
Throughout the years, family beliefs evolved. Among the factors for such include: gender roles, patterns of authority, modern challenges on familial and kin ties, alternative family lifestyles,
diaspora, migration, intercultural marriages, and dysfunctional and broken
families.
This raises the question, what now is a family?
Representing The Filipino Family
51
Filipinos always follow traditions. Even in the present, even when things change some cannot remove their
sense of following traditions.
But sometimes, traditions can get away
our wants and happiness.
Exploring Filipino Traditions
52
Love is one of the most prevalent
subjects in literature. A literary
piece can show the love between
lovers, between family members,
between a person and his/her
belief, and even love between the
people and their country.
Discovering Love And The Filipino
53
Filipinos love humor. Regardless of
what the situation is, we love making
things humorous. It is unique to us. In
fact, even the idea of humor is unique
to us is humorous itself. From
mundane conversations to television
shows, even at serious moments, Filipinos find ways to inject humor in
such situations.
Filipinos use humor as a quick escape
from serious and even dire situations
that may bring negativity to people.
Laughing and having fun serve as
people’s coping mechanisms for such
instances. Such reactions bring
optimism to us; that, regardless of how difficult life gets, it will be better
soon.
But, the other side of the coin is that
we just tend to laugh our problems
away instead of dealing with them
head-on.
Exploring Filipino Humor
54
Sex is different than gender. Sex is the
biological make-up of a person;
whereas, gender is how a person
identifies him/her/they as. In the past,
people associate sex with what the person’s gender should be.
Therefore, men have specific roles that
society assigned to them. The same goes
for women. This made way to the theory
called gender studies and queer theory. It looked into gender issues not only for
heterosexuals but also homosexuals as the latter are often frowned upon by more traditional people. This study also looked into heterosexuals vis-à-vis other gender roles such as asexual, pansexual, bisexual, transgender, etc.
Interrogating Gender Relations and the Filipino
55
When talking about death, Filipinos
are optimistic and shun this topic. For
example, when an old person says that
he has a few years to live, Filipinos
would say, “No. I will die first even
before you.” We refuse to talk about
death and its nature.
We imbue religious and
superstitious beliefs and
practices regarding death. For
example, the Christian belief
that when you die you either
go to heaven or hell. Or for
instance, when talking about
someone dying, you should
knock on wood so that it will
not come true.
Filipinos also have great respect for the dead. We make it a point that when a family member dies, we attend his/her funeral or burial. Each year, we commemorate our deceased loved ones during the day of the dead in
November.
Representing Death and the Filipino
56
Religion plays a huge role in a
Filipino’s life. From how to treat
others to how one should act are
usually guided by our beliefs. We
also use such to deal with situations
that are difficult.
For instance, during a storm,
Filipinos pray and believe that God
will make it go away soon.
Understanding Spirituality and the Filipino
57
Colonization affects the Filipino’s
concept of beauty: it is diversified.
We have no standard of beauty.
Ethnicity is one of the areas of
aesthetics in the country.
In literature, aesthetics in
writing is somehow patterned
in Western constructs.
For instance, the poems of
Jose Garcia Villa and Ophelia
Dimalanta were patterned on
the the idea of romanticism
and formalism, which are
European.
Paper Texture Overlay
Smiling Woman Illustration
In cinema, mestizos and
mestizas are more favored
than ethnic-looking actors and
actresses.
The same goes for beauty
pageants. Think of Gloria Diaz
and Margarita Moran. Even Pia
Wurtzbach and Catriona Gray.
Discovering Philippine Aesthetics
58
War is not new to Filipino people.
We’ve had wars throughout history,
both literally and metaphorically.
Literally speaking, the Philippines
were involved in wars throughout its colonial periods. It is also involved in political wars and other conflicts in some areas within the country itself.
In literature, some writers imbue
their writings with historical details
to reflect on concepts of war and
conflict experienced by the Filipino
people.
Social stratification is reflected in
Philippine culture. From the pre
Hispanic period, social classes are
evident: nobles, free men, and
dependents. Such also causes
oppression and even violence to
people who are deemed to be in the
lower class of society
Looking At War And The Filipino
59
Social stratification is reflected in
Philippine culture. From the pre-
Hispanic period, social classes are
evident: nobles, free men, and
dependents. Such also causes oppression and even violence to
people who are deemed to be in the
lower class of society.
This theme is reflected in literature
as there are Filipino writers who
write about the consequences of
class stratification, feudalism,
oppression, etc.
Exploring Class Relations In The Philippines
60
Leaving and returning to the
homeland is one of the relevant
situations of Filipinos in present
times. There are Filipinos who have
family members who left for abroad in search of greener pastures.
Despite this, one of the characteristics that make a Filipino migrant is his/her ability to stay rooted despite being exposed to another culture that may or may not be different from his/her culture. In spite of imitating other cultures, s/he can still not remove from him/her the traces of Filipino identity s/he is used to.
Imaging The Filipino Migrant
61
Going back to history is one of the ways by which develops nationalism. By knowing what the country has been through, and how previous Filipinos uphold their nationalism and identity one realizes what makes a Filipino.
This is reflected in the literature of the
Philippines, as writers use history as their way of developing literary pieces to bring about the idea of Filipino identity.
For instance, one of the novels of our
national hero, Jose Rizal reflects the
struggles of the Filipinos during the
Spanish Period.
Revisiting Filipino History
62
The self is the starting point of knowledge. Discovering and recovering the self in this world full of hardships, confusion, and struggles is a primary aspect of knowing what life is about. As epiphanies and revelations come to us, we gain more and more understanding of the self.
Self Discover / Recovery
63
As we live our lives, different social institutions affect our lives and who we are.
From family to church, school, and media we are influenced by our way of thinking and doing. From these institutions, we learn about the
concept of power, control, surveillance form, reform, and transformation of individuals and communities.
Initiation to Social Processes and Institutions
64
Love is a beautiful thing, but a very confusing construct. Many try to give a definition of what love is, from philosophers and artists to poets and psychologists. Literature also tries to define what love is.
Love And Romance
65
Sex is different than gender.
Sex is the biological make- up of a person; whereas, gender is how a person identifies him/her/they as. In the past, people associate sex with what the person’s gender should be.
Therefore, men have specific roles
that society assigned to them. The
same goes for women. This made
way to the theory called gender
studies and queer theory. It looked
into gender issues not only for
heterosexuals but also homosexuals
as the latter are often frowned
upon by more traditional people.
This study also looked into
heterosexuals vis-à-vis other gender
roles such as asexual, pansexual,
bisexual, transgender, etc.
This is explored not only in Philippine
literature but also in World literature.
Gender And Sexuality
66
Despite being in the 21st century,
there are a plethora of countries that
do not veer away from their country’s
practices, beliefs, and traditions.
Although some embrace a more
modern way of living. Such is
reflected in literature.
Tradition And Change
67
People also live their lives around
beliefs in gods and spirits. They use
these beliefs to live their lives, as their
moral compass, or as a standard for
treating others. Literature also
portrays these beliefs by writers.
Faith And Religion
68
Appreciation and the effects of
nature on humans have served as
themes by many writers throughout
history. From the traditional poems of
Japan and China to the Romantics of
America and Europe, there is a large
body of poems, stories, and essays
about man’s interaction with nature.
Ecology And The Environment
69
Seeking justice or exacting justice is also aprominent theme in world literature. The story may discuss a character who seeks justice, or a character who gets justice either acting upon the situation
himself/herself or a person or institution
helps him/her get justice. There are also
literary pieces that express that injustice
sometimes happen, and the effect of such on people.
Literature And Justice
70
Although there is a plethora of literary pieces that discuss war and conflict, there are also writers who write about making and keeping peace. In fact, there are some who advocate it. They use literature as a platform to communicate the importance of making peace, and ending conflicts.
Making And Keeping Peace
71
means anything made up or shaped
(Roberts & Jacobs, 2007)
any literary piece that is prosaic,
untrue (although sometimes writers
heavily adapt what happened in real
life, but still there are more non-true
elements in it)
may be long or short
may be in the form of a short
story, a novelette, or a novel.
Fiction
72
is a verbal representation of a
person. The character may
constitute a real person, or in
some cases, even other creatures
can become characters (for
instance, in science fiction there
are characters who are robots or
even aliens).
Character
73
A character with no interiority, complexities or contradictions
Flat Character
74
A character that has Fully Developed thoughts and feelings. complexities, contradictions, hopes and desires.
Round Character
75
is the arrangement of
events in a story.
Plot
76
This is the introduction of characters,
the plot and sometimes even the
conflict of the story. It is the laying
out and putting forth of the important
information about the story.
Exposition
77
The complication is the onset and
development of the major conflict. It
is here when the protagonist and
antagonist begin to engage.
Complication or Rising Action
78
This is the part of the story where
the conflict reaches its greatest
tension. It is here where the
protagonist confronts the conflict.
Crisis or Climax
79
This part is the aftermath of the climax. This part is the highest point of the story. It is the part where the protagonist resolves the conflict based on the decision s/he has made during the crisis part.
Falling Action
80
This is the completion of the story after the climax. After the conflict finishes, the __________ shows what happens afterward. In a sense, this is the ending of the story. The ending may end in two ways: close-ended or open-ended.
Denouement or Resolution
81
in _________ ending , the author provides closure for the story; whereas in open-ended, the author provides a cliffhanger, without knowing what happens next, leaving the readers thinking what happens after the conflict was resolved.
close-ended ending
82
It refers to the speaker, narrator, or voice created by authors to tell stories, present arguments, and express attitudes and judgments (Roberts and Jacobs, 2007).
Point Of View
83
The _______ person point of view or autodiegetic narration is the POV that is in the “I” voice.
The narrator is also a character in the story, more so, the main character.
First Person POV
84
The ________ person point of view or homodiegetic narrator is the POV that is in the “you” voice.
The narrator is also a character in the story, but not the main character.
Second Person POV
85
Third person person objective point of view or heterodiegetic narrator is when the narrator is not part of the story or not a character in the story. The narration is limited only to what is said and what happens in the story.
Third Person Limited POV
86
Third person ________ point of view or heterodiegetic narrator is when the narrator is not part of the story, or not a character in the story. It reports the events in the story, even what goes on in the minds of the characters.
Third Person Omniscient POV
87
The _______ answers the question, “Where did the story take place?”
Did it take place on a farm, in a house, in France, in Tokyo, in a small room, or in a plane outside the Milky Way?
It also answers the question, “When did the story take place?” Did it take place in the present, in prehistoric times, in Victorian England, in France during the French Revolution, in 2099, or after the world perished?
Setting
88
A _______ is the problem or struggle that a character faces in a story.
Conflict
89
_______ conflict is when a character struggles with their own opposing desires or beliefs. It happens within them, and it drives their development as a character.
Internal Conflict
90
the character faces is coming from within. This may entail a struggle to discern what the moral or “right” choice is, or it may also encompass mental health struggles. All other types of conflict are external—meaning that a character comes up against an outside force that creates the conflict.
Character Vs Self
91
This is a common type of conflict in which one character’s needs or wants are at odds with another’s. A character conflict can be depicted as a straightforward fistfight, or as intricate and nuanced as the ongoing struggle for power in the HBO series Game of Thrones.
Character Vs Character
91
_______ conflict sets a character against something or someone beyond their control. External forces stand in the way of a character’s motivations and create tension as the character tries to reach their goals.
External Conflict
92
In a nature conflict, a character is set in opposition to nature.
This can mean the weather, the wilderness, or a natural disaster.
Character Vs Nature
93
Pitting characters against phenomena like ghosts, gods, or monsters raises the stakes of a conflict by creating an unequal playing field.
This conflict also covers characters, like Harry Potter or Odysseus, who have a fate or destiny and struggle to accept the sacrifices that come along with it.
Character Vs Supernatural
94
In this case, a character is in conflict with some kind of technology.
Think of the tale of John Henry, the African-American folk hero. In American folklore, Henry was a former slave who worked as a steel-driver on the rail line. To prove his superiority over new technology, he raced a steam-powered rock drilling machine and won. However, he suffered a heart attack after winning the race.
Character Vs Technology
95
A ____________ conflict is an external conflict that occurs in literature when the protagonist is placed in opposition with society, the government, or a cultural tradition or societal norm of some kind. Characters may be motivated to take action against their society by a need to survive, a moral sense of right and wrong, or a desire for happiness, freedom, justice, or love.
Character Vs Society
96
it refers to the meaning, interpretation, explanation, or significance of a literary text. Simply, the theme is what the text is about.
Theme
97
In narrating a story, __________ may be employed, which is a hint at what is about to take place.
The use of this device helps make the events fit together in some larger logical pattern. It also serves as a signpost that gives the sensitive reader an idea of what may happen in the story.
Foreshadowing
98
It refers to the idea that what is expected is different from what happens.
There are four types: Verbal, Situational, Dramatic and Cosmic
Irony
99
_______ irony refers to the idea that what is expected to happen is different from what really happened.
For instance, when the sun shone in the morning and you went for a jog, expecting it to be a sunny day, but shortly after, it rained.
Situational Irony
100
_______ Irony refers to the idea that what is said is different from what is meant.
For example, when somebody says “I like your hair” but in a sarcastic tone, s/he doesn’t really like your hair.
Verbal Irony
101
________ irony happens when the characters in the story do not know what will happen, but the readers do.
Imagine a thriller movie, when the viewers know that the killer is in the house, but the characters don’t.
Dramatic
102
________ irony happens when fate seemingly intervenes with what happens to the characters.
For example, when the main character is about to die at the hands of the villain, but suddenly reinforcements arrive disrupting the killing.
Cosmic Irony
103
It is a technique in which you interrupt the forward motion of the narrative to recount an earlier incident that has a bearing on the story.
It involves inserting into the main flow of the plot an episode that occurred previously.
Flashback
104
is the use of concrete objects to convey an abstract idea.
For example, a dove represents freedom, and a rose represents love and purity.
Symbolism
105
____________ is a Latin phrase meaning “in the midst of things.”
It’s used as a literary term to describe when a story opens with the character already in the middle of things—whether it’s a high-octane car chase or a group of friends’ discovery of a dead body, this narrative technique captures the audience’s attention, bringing them front and center into the fray.
106
is a figure of speech that refers to a famous person, place, or historical event—either directly or through implication. The origin of the word allusion is in the Latin verb “ludere,” which means to play, mimic, mock, or deceive.
Types : Biblical, Literary, Historical, Mythological
Allusion
107
_____ allusion is is a reference to an event or character in the bible.
Biblical Allusion
108
_____ allusion is a reference to another work of literature.
Literary Allusion
109
____ allusion is a reference to an event, person, or place in history.
Historical Allusion
110
_______ allusion is a reference to an event, person, or place in mythology.
Mythological Allusion
111
________ is a plot device in which part of a story ends unresolved, usually in a suspenseful or shocking way, in order to compel audiences to turn the page or return to the story in the next installment.
Cliffhanger
112
The word ____ is derived from the Greek word poiein, which means “to create or make.” _____ vary in length. It may be long or short like fiction. However, unlike in fiction which is written prose, _____ is written in verses (lines and stanzas). Unlike fiction, uses only fewer words, that is why more meaning is implied, rather than stated.
Poetry
113
______ is the author’s choice of words. ______ can be classified as formal, neutral, informal, specific, general, concrete, or abstract.
Diction
114
_______ or high diction is the author’s use of elegant and standard words
Formal Diction
115
______ or middle diction is the author’s use of words that are based on how people talk in mundane situations
Neutral Diction
116
______ or low diction is when the writer uses colloquial or slang expressions.
Informal Diction
117
______ diction is when a writer speaks of broad classes. For example, “All animals are adorable.”
General Diction
118
______ diction is when a writer speaks of a specific type of category based on the given class. For example, “Dogs are adorable.” Dogs are a type of animals.
Specific Diction
119
______ diction is the author’s use of qualities of immediate perception. For instance, “Her touch is cold on my skin.”
Concrete Diction
120
______ diction is the author’s use of broader, less palpable qualities. For example, “Her touch tells me she loves me.” Cold is concrete.
Abstract Diction
121
refers to word order and sentence structure in a poem. The normal word order in English is subject-verb-object. But sometimes, the writer uses reverse word order.
Let deep sea water blend with sand,
With hope as my guide, I seek the way.
Father, find me in the sun’s embrace,
As night descends, let the maiden rise,
His power soaring above the waves,
Reaching out to find me across the sea.
Syntax
122
The ______ in poetry are mainly the persona and the addressee
Character
123
The ______ or the speaker in a poem is the one speaking in it. The speaker is always mistaken as the author. Although it is true that the author wrote the poem, s/he is hiding his/her identity through a character; hence, the word persona, which means “mask.”
The author may be hiding behind the character of a wife, or a student, or an oppressed citizen, or a woman who fights for her freedom. That is the speaker.
Persona
124
The ________ is the one whom the speaker is talking to in the poem. Another mistake that readers usually make is saying that the addressee is the reader. But a poem does not address everyone (since everyone can be readers of the poem), rather s/he addresses a specific person, a specific group of people, or a person/people in a specific context.
Addressee
125
The ______ answers the questions, where is the persona and when specifically, is the poem situated in. If the speaker let’s say is a woman fights for her freedom, is she in a rally or in front of government officials? Is she a woman in the present times, or a woman in the
1970s.
Setting
126
refers to the use of words that trigger one’s imagination by triggering one’s senses.
There are different types: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinetic and kinesthetic.
Imagery
127
________ imagery appeals to the sense of hearing.
Auditory Imagery
128
_______ imagery appeals to the sense of smell.
Olfactory Imagery
129
_______ imagery appeals to the sense of taste.
Gustatory Imagery
130
________ imagery appeals to the sense of touch.
Tactile Imagery
131
________ imagery appeals to the movements created by objects or the surroundings.
Kinetic Imagery
132
_________ imagery appeals to the movements created by humans or animals.
Kinesthetic Imagery
133
__________ are expressive language tools
used by writers and speakers to convey meaning or heighten the impact of their words. These tools often involve deviation from the literal meaning of words to produce a more interesting
or imaginative expression.
Figures of Speech
134
_______ illustrates similarities between two things. ______ are usually hinted by the expressions, “like” or “as.”
Simile
135
_______ equates known objects or actions with something that is unknown or to be explained. Unlike simile, _____ are direct comparisons.
Metaphor
136
________ is a figurative device through which something apparently wrong or contradictory is shown to be truthful and non-contradictory.
Paradox
137
______ is the repetition of the same word or phrase throughout a work or a section of a work in order to lend weight and emphasis.
Anaphora
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_______ is a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses either a dead person, or an abstract idea, like love or death.
Apostrophe
139
_______ is the attribution of actions or emotions typically associated with humans to objects or abstract ideas.
Personification
140
______ is a figurative device in which a part stands for the whole or a whole for a part.
Synecdoche
141
________ is a figurative device in which a part stands for the whole or a whole for a part.
Metonymy
142
A ______ is a literary device that is also known as a “play on words.” ______ involve words with similar or identical sounds but with different meanings. Their play on words also relies on a word or phrase having more than one meaning. ______ are generally intended to be humorous, but they often have a serious purpose as well in literary works.
Pun
143
________ is the repetition of vowel sounds in different words, creating a rhythmic effect.
"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
Assonance
144
________ is the repetition of the same letter sound across the start of several words in a line of text.
Alliteration
145
________ is the imitation or suggestions of a situation or action. Like for example, the sound of a bird is “chirp,” the sound of a brazen bell is “clang.
Onomatopeia
146
________ is a literary device that refers to the use of harmonious and pleasing sounds in language, so that they produce a smooth, melodious effect
when spoken or read aloud.
Euphony
147
_______ is the use of percussive and choppy sounds make for vigorous and noisy pronunciation.
Cacophony
148
_____ in poetry refers to the poet's attitude or emotional stance toward the subject, audience, or even the speaker.
Tone
149
It is the general word describing the study of poetic sounds and rhythms. Under prosody is the identification of metrical feet used by a poet. Feet is associated by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line in a stanza.
a. Iamb – unstressed, stressed
b. Trochee – stressed, unstressed
c. Spondee – stressed, stressed
d. Pyrrhic – unstressed, unstressed
Prosody
150
_______ contributes also to the prosody in poem.
_______ pertains to the repetition of end sounds of a stanza in a poem.
Rhyme
151
_____ refers to what a poem looks like.
Form
152
A ______ is a stanza with two rhyming lines.
Couplet
153
______ verse or unrhymed iambic pentameter is a poem with fourteen lines, and each line has five (5) sets of iambs.
Blank Verse
154
A ____ is a stanza with three lines.
Tercet
155
A _______ is a stanza with four lines.
Quatrain
156
A _____ is a poem with fourteen lines.
Sonnet
157
An _______ is a poem that is meditative or philosophical.
Ode
157
A ____ or a lyric is a poem that is meant to be sung.
Song
158
An _____ is a poem about death and mortality.
Elegy
159
A ______ fuses narrative description with dramatic dialogue. It originated in folk literature.
Ballad
160
A ______ poem is a poem in quatrain which is similar to the ballad stanza.
Hymnal Poem
161
A ______ is a Japanese poem in tercet. It is comprised of 5-7-5 syllabic pattern in its original version, but may vary when translated in English.
Haiku
162
An ______ is a short and witty poem that usually makes a humorous or satiric point.
Epigram
163
A ______ is a five-line poem popularized by Edward Lear. It is comic and bawdy.
Limerick
164
______ ______ is a poem that doesn’t have a specific structure.
Free Verse
165
_____ or Concrete Poetry is a poem that has a specific shape or figure, visually speaking.
Visual Poetry
166
_________ Poetry is a poem constructed by reduction of words from a newspaper or a paper with words using a marker.
Blackout
167
_____ is a literary genre written in script format.
_____ has similarities with both fiction and poetry.
Like fiction, _____ has a story revolving around a character or characters in it.
Like poetry, it develops a situation through speech and action, in fact it somehow adapts the terseness of poetry.
Drama
168
______ refers to the conversation of two or more characters in the drama. Related to ______ is monologue; wherein, it is spoken by a single character, usually when s/he is alone on stage.
Dialogue
169
_____ ______ refer to the playwright’s (the one who writes the drama) instructions about facial and vocal expression, movement and action, gesture, and “body language,” stage appearance, lighting, and similar matters. Sometimes even explanations about the play are included.
_____ ______ serve as guides for a production team that aims to adapt the drama to a play. They also serve as guides for readers for them to better imagine what is happening at a specific moment in the drama.
______ _______ are easily identifiable because most of the time, they are italicized and/or enclosed in brackets or parentheses.
Stage Directions
170
_________ can be classified as formal, neutral, informal, specific, general, concrete, or abstract.
Diction
171
________ can be classified as formal, neutral, informal, specific, general, concrete, or abstract.
Imagery
172
The shaping of the story, the setting, the theme, the costume - that creates the vibe of the story.
Style
173
The drama focuses on ______, and people the dramatist created to embody the drama’s actions, ideas, and attitudes.
Characters
174
the central character in the drama
Protagonist
175
the character opposing the protagonist.
Antagonist
176
Possesses great motivation. The character profits from experience and undergoes a development in awareness, insight, understanding, moral capacity, and the ability to make decisions.
Round Character
177
Flat character – the character that does not undergo any change or growth.
Flat Character
178
_______ characters are designed to seem like individualistic men or women.
Realistic Character
179
_______ characters are underdeveloped and symbolic. are underdeveloped and symbolic.
Nonrealistic Character
180
________ or stock character – unindividualized character whose actions and speeches make them seem to have been taken from a mold.
Stereotype Character
181
_______ characters - they set off or highlight the protagonist and who provide insight to the action.
Ancillary Character
182
________ characters s/he symbolizes ideas, moral values, religious concepts, ways of life, or some other abstraction.
Symbolic Character
183
Unlike in fiction, _________ in drama refers to the focus either of the drama itself or to the different scenes in a drama.
Point of View
184
In identifying the ____ in drama, a reader should pay attention to the vocal ranges and stage gestures of the characters.
Even silence, intensive stares, and shifting glances can be effective for creating ______ and controlling attitudes.
Tone & Mood
185
________ fiction is a broad genre that encompasses stories that take place in imaginary worlds because of one or more “what if…?” questions. It explores the “what ifs” of what is possible in the world.
Speculative Fiction
186
Type of Speculative Fiction that deals with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals. The premise may either be based on or flatly contradicts scientific facts and principles.
Science Fiction
187
Type of Speculative Fiction that uses magic and supernatural elements in plot, theme, and setting. Magic is central to the fantasy genre. These stories often involve journey or quests.
Fantasy
188
Type of Speculative Fiction that are stories about terror, whose main objective is to scare the readers. It involves ghosts, spirits and demons.
Horror Fiction
189
Type of Speculative Fiction that presents a world that is ideally perfect in all aspects of society.
Utopian Fiction
190
Type of Speculative Fiction that presents a futuristic, imagined world in which there is only an illusion of a perfect society, but is in fact one which is oppressed through corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral or totalitarian control.
Dystopian Fiction
191
Type of Speculative Fiction that Deals with the end of civilization either through nuclear war, plague, or some other general disaster.
Apocalyptic Fiction
192
Type of Speculative Fiction that is set in a world or civilization after such disaster. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the struggles of survivors, or sometime later when the existence of civilization before the catastrophe has been forgotten.
Post-Apocalyptic Fiction
193
Type of Speculative Fiction that is set in worlds in which one or more historical events unfold differently based from how it did in reality. It is based on the idea that for every event that occurs or a decision made in our reality, there is another place (a parallel universe) where the event or decision turned out differently.
Alternate History
194
A ____-word story is an entire story told in six words. It is a short narrative that can have all of the emotional themes of longer stories—from funny to dramatic, sad to scary. While these quick stories don’t have the classic beginning, middle, and end of a traditional storyline, they have a subject and verb that give the reader a sense of what’s happened and a bit of conflict.
For example: For sale: baby shoes. Never worn.
Six Word Story
195
______ ______pieces are very short stories. ____ ______ pieces are generally under 1,000 words and are also known as microstories and postcard fiction. There are additional terms for flash fiction pieces depending on their length, including dribble (under 50 words) drabble (under 100 words) and trabble (under 300 words).
Flash Fiction
196
________ refers to stories in which the characters, author, or narrator acknowledge the fact that they're parts of a fiction.
_________ is a self-conscious literary style in which the narrator or characters are aware that they are part of a work of fiction.
Metaficton
197
In a ______ adaptation, material from another artistic medium, such as a novel or a film is re-written according to the needs and requirements of the theatre and turned into a play or musical.
Sometimes novels and other works of fiction are adapted for performance on stage. A theatrical adaptation is a genre wherein a story from another medium is rewritten to conform to the elements of theater.
An adaptation is not merely a copy of an original work; it is a new creation altogether. It is a way of reinterpreting a literary work through a different genre, a feat that requires great artistry and skill.
Theatrical Adaptation
198
________ , by its definition, is a story that really happened in real life. It is the complete opposite of fiction.
But, when you say _____ ______, yes you are discussing real life events, but you employ elements of fiction in it, you employ elements of poetry in it, and even drama.
Creative Nonfiction
199
Type of Creative Nonfiction that consists of true accounts of historical eras and events.
Some _______ dwell purely in objective facts, and other _______ are refracted through the lens of the author’s personal beliefs. In either case, ________ books must present true stories in order to qualify as nonfiction.
History
200
_________ are written in the third person about someone other than the author. ________- may profile subjects that are either living or dead at the time of writing. Many ________ in this genre reach creative heights by emphasizing narrative versus the facts.
Biography
201
While ________ and _______ often take the form of personal essays and are written by someone who is currently alive at the time of the writing.
Usually _______. an account of one's personal life and experiences; autobiography. the published record of the proceedings of a group or organization, as of a learned society.
Autobiographies and Memoirs
202
________ is a broad subgenre of nonfiction most regularly consumed in the form of newspapers and magazines, along with monthly journals, TV news reports, and more.
________ can also take the form of books. This includes narrative nonfiction and true crime books.
________ creative nonfiction books create character portraits of real people involved in these topics, and tell narratives that allow readers to invest in the lives of these characters.
Journalism
203
________ are a close cousin of memoirs which recount an author’s specific experience traveling somewhere. While travel writing may offer suggestions and practical information for travelers bound for a particular destination, the more often follow a narrative arch imbued by the author’s personal experience.
Travel guides and travelogues
204
These subgenres are forms of creative nonfiction, where analysis and reflection on real-world events are distilled through the prism of an author’s point of view, often told in a first-person narrative. Sometimes that point of view can be humorous, sometimes it’s political, and sometimes it’s purely meditative.
While _____ books can take the form of storytelling and may seem more in line with a fictional novel, those stories are rooted in objective events, making them a form of creative nonfiction.
Humor and Commentary
205
____ _____ is digitized content-texts, audio, video, and graphics-that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. This means that content from traditional media like a TV network or a magazine that is presented on a website or blog can fall under this category
Digital Media
