Literary and Rhetorical devices Flashcards
(366 cards)
1
Q
Active voice: Definition
A
The subject of the sentence performs the action. This is a more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases
2
Q
Allusion: Definition
A
An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text, although it can be other things commonly known, such as plays, songs, historical events) with which the reader is supposed to be familiar
3
Q
Alter-ego: Definition
A
A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character
4
Q
Anecdote: Definition
A
A brief recountion of a relevant episode often inserted into fictional texts.
5
Q
Classification: Definition
A
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures
6
Q
Comic relief: Definition
A
when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood somewhat
7
Q
Diction: Definition
A
Word choice, particularly as an element of style
8
Q
Colloquial: Definition
A
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation
9
Q
Connotation: Definition
A
Implied meaning rather than literal meaning
10
Q
Denotation: Definition
A
The literal, explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations
11
Q
Passive voice: Definition
A
When the subject of the sentence receives the action
12
Q
Passive voice: Ex
A
“The car was driven by Anthony”
13
Q
Passive voice: Effect
A
This obscures/de-emphasizes the actor of the sentence making it less direct
14
Q
Active voice: Ex
A
“Anthony drove while tony searched for the house”
15
Q
Active voice: Effect
A
This reveals/emphasizes the actor of the sentence making it more direct
16
Q
Allusion: Example
A
“You’re acting like a Scrooge”
17
Q
Allusion: Effect
A
This can essentially give a deeper meaning to the story
18
Q
Alter-ego: Example
A
Shakespeare speaking to his audience about his upcoming retirement, through the main character of the play, Prospero
19
Q
Alter-ego: Effect
A
This can help bridge gaps within the reader
20
Q
Anecdote: Example
A
Someone telling as story about their cat going downstairs at only certain times at night when a group of coworkers are discussing pets
21
Q
Anecdote: Effect
A
This can develop a point of inject humor to the text
22
Q
Classicism: Example
A
Strict, rigid and logical diction and theme
23
Q
Classicism: Effect
A
This allows your readers completely understand the subject of your paper
24
Q
Comic relief: Example
A
The “gatekeeper” scene in Macbeth
25
Comic relief: Effect
This allows for a lift in the mood of a story
26
Diction: Example
Informal Diction
27
Diction: Effect
This is used to evoke specific emotions in the author's audience
28
Colloquial
Words like "ain't" or "gonna"
29
Colloquial
This helps to give the text a conversational tone, as well as a more casual and relaxed effect
30
Connotation: Example
Blue being a color but also being used in the sentence "She was feeling blue"
31
Connotation: Effect
This can help create emotional associations, whether positive, negative, or neutral, to the text
32
Denotation: Example
"She was cold"
33
Denotation: Effect
This allows for words to be understood by readers
34
Antecedent: Definition
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
35
Antecedent- Example
Sally walked her dog (Sally)
36
Antecedent- Effect
This makes the sense of a sentence clear to the readers
37
Jargon- Definition
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession
38
Jargon- Example
Terms like AWOL used in the military
39
Jargon- Effect
This helps to show dexterity of the writer because of knowledge of other spheres and can make a character seem real in fiction
40
Vernacular: Definition
Can be language or dialect of a particular country or of a regional clan or group, or just plain everyday speech
41
Vernacular: Example
Everyday speech
42
Vernacular: Effect
This made literature more accessible to the general public
43
Didactic: Definition
A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking
44
Didactic: Example
Aesop's Fables
45
Didactic: Effect
This gives a way for the readers to better themselves
46
Adage: Definition
A folk saying with a lesson
47
Adage: Example
"A rolling stone gathers no moss"
48
Adage: Effect
This helps serves as a symbol of collected wisdom and becomes accepted wisdom
49
Allegory: Definition
A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events, represent qualities or concepts
50
Allegory: Example
Animal Farm by George Orwell
51
Allegory: Effect
This helps to reveal an abstraction or a truth
52
Aphorism: Definition
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle
53
Aphorism: Example
"God helps them that help themselves"
54
Aphorism: Effect
This helps to summarize the author's point in a memorable way
55
Ellipsis: Definition
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author
56
Ellipsis: Example
"The whole day, rain. torrents of rain."
57
Ellipsis: Effect
This creates suspense or allows the reader to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out
58
Euphemism: Definition
A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts
59
Euphemism: Example
"Physically challenged"
60
Euphemism: Effect
This exaggerates correctness to add humor
61
Figurative Language: Definition
Language that's not meant to be taken literally
62
Figurative Language: Example
Metaphors
63
Figurative Language: Effect
This can transform ordinary descriptions into evocative events, enhance the emotional significance of passages, and turn prose into a form a poetry
64
Analogy: Definition
A comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables, arguing that the relationship between a 2 pairs of variables is the same.
65
Analogy: Example
"America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle"
66
Analogy: Effect
This creates imagery and deeper understanding of concepts
67
Hyperbole: Definition
Exaggeration
68
Hyperbole: Example
"My mother will kill me if I am late"
69
Hyperbole: Effect
This adds an amusing effect in the text
70
Idiom: Definition
A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally
71
Idiom: Example
"I got chewed out by my coach"
72
Idiom: Effect
This can amplify messages in a way that draws readers in
73
Metaphor: Definition
Making an implied comparison, not using "like,"as" or other such words
74
Metaphor: Example
"My feet are popsicles."
75
Metaphor: Effect
This allows writers to convey vivid imagery that transcends literal meanings
76
Extended Metaphor
When the metaphor is continued later in the written work
77
Extended Metaphor
Saying "my feet are popsicles" and continuing to call them that in later paragraphs
78
Extended Metaphor
This allows the writers to elaborate on a comparison between two objects or ideas
79
Conceit
A particularly elaborate extended metaphor
80
Conceit
"A broken heart is a damaged clock"
81
Conceit
This is demands attention from readers
82
Metonymy: Definition
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word of concept
83
Metonymy: Example
"Relations between London and Washington have been strained"
84
Metonymy: Effect
This enhances literary symbolism
85
Synecdoche: Definition
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts. or vice versa
86
Synecdoche: Example
"Check out my new wheels"
87
Synecdoche: Effect
This allows speaker to emphasize certain parts of a whole, highlighting their importance
88
Simile: Definition
Using words such a "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two very things
89
Simile: Example
"My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles"
90
Simile: Effect
This allows writers to create imagery for reader
91
Synesthesia: Definition
A description involving "crossing of the senses"
92
Synesthesia: Example
"A purplish scent filled the room"
93
Synesthesia: Effect
This creates a interest in the work
94
Personification: Definition
Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human
95
Personification: Example
"The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill"
96
Personification: Effect
This stretches the boundaries of reality to make literature and poetry more vivid
97
Foreshadowing: Definition
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story
98
Foreshadowing: Example
Dialogue like "I have a bad feeling about this"
99
Foreshadowing: Effect
This creates suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that thins may not be as they seem
100
Genre: Definition
The major category into which a literary work fits
101
Genre: Example
Autobiography
102
Genre: Effect
This sets a certain horizon of expectations and offers a key to understanding the text
103
Gothic: Definition
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death
104
Gothic: Example
"The Castle of Otranto"
105
Gothic: Effect
This elicits intense, suspenseful feelings of fear, shock, dread, or disgust in the reader
106
Imagery: Definition
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind that usually involve the five sense
107
Imagery: Example
"Her lips tasted as sweet as sugar."
108
Imagery: Effect
This makes something abstract seem more concrete and tangible to the reader
109
Invective: Definition
A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language
110
Invective: Example
"You're going to be alone forever!"
111
Invective: Effect
This can arouse negative emotion in the audience as well as the target of the insult
112
Irony: Definition
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does
113
Irony: Example
A fire station burns down
114
Irony: Effect
This can spark strong feelings in the reader
115
Verbal Irony: Definition
When you say somethin and mean the opposite/something different
116
Verbal Irony: Example
If your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster but calls it a "walk in the park"
117
Verbal Irony: Effect
This develops funny and dramatic situations
118
Dramatic Irony: Definition
When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn't and would be surprised to find out
119
Dramatic Irony: Example
When we know who the killer is in the movie but the soon to be victim doesn't
120
Dramatic Irony: Effect
This encourages the audience to anticipate, hope, and fear the moment when a character learns the truth about things in the story
121
Juxtaposition: Definition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison
122
Juxtaposition: Example
The author putting the day of an american against the day of someone in a third world country
123
Juxtaposition: Effect
This encourages the reader to make comparisons otherwise ignored or unapparent
124
Mood: Definition
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (Diction)
125
Mood: Example
Cheerful
126
Mood: Effect
This creates an emotional response in the audience
127
Motif: Definition
A recurring idea in a piece of literature
128
Motif: Example
In to Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that "you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view" being brought up several times throughout the novel
129
Motif: Effect
Adds depth, conveys meaning, and/or shape to the way a reader receives, responds to, or understands a text
130
Oxymoron: Definition
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox
131
Oxymoron: Example
Jumbo shrimp
132
Oxymoron: Effect
This can support a lighthearted mood and emphasize conflict
133
Pacing: Definition
The speed or tempo of an author's writing
134
Pacing: Example
Sluggish
135
Pacing: Effect
This is used to appeal to different audiences
136
Paradox: Definition
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true
137
Paradox: Example
"You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job"
138
Paradox: Effect
This allows readers to understand concepts in a different and even non-traditional way
139
Parallelism: Definition
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical patterns
140
Parallelism: Example
"Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs"
141
Parallelism: Effect
This adds emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing
142
Anaphora: Definition
Repetition of a word, phase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row
143
Anaphora: Example
"I came, I saw, I conquered."
144
Anaphora: Effect
This helps make the writer's point more coherent
145
Chiasmus: Definition
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed
146
Chiasmus: Example
"Fair is foul and foul is fair"
147
Chiasmus: Effect
This is used to create a special artistic effect laying emphasis on what they want to communicate
148
Antithesis: Definition
Two opposite or contrasting words, phases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure
149
Antithesis: Example
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times"
150
Antithesis: Effect
Used to make it obvious which idea is better and can be powerful
151
Zeugma(Syllepsis): Definition
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other word it governs or modifies
152
Zeugma(Syllepsis): Example
"The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress
153
Zeugma(Syllepsis): Effect
This is used to either confuse the reader or inspire them to look deeper
154
Parenthetical Idea: Definition
Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence
155
Parenthetical Idea: Example
"In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil"
156
Parenthetical Idea: Effect
This is used to clarify the first statement
157
Parody: Definition
An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes, borrowing words or phrases from an original and poking fun at it.
158
Parody: Example
Pride and Prejudice with Zombies
159
Parody: Effect
This allows criticizing and questioning without being aggressive or malicious
160
Persona: Definition
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story
161
Persona: Example
The speaker in "Annabel Lee" by Edgar Allan Poe
162
Persona: Effect
This is allows for one to express ideas, beliefs, and voices they aren't able to express freely
163
Poetic Device: Definition
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines
164
Poetic Device: Example
Repitition
165
Poetic Device: Effect
This enhances the timing and rhythm of the poem
166
Alliteration: Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of the words
167
Alliteration: Example
"Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore"
168
Alliteration: Effect
This is used to make poetry sound pleasing and put a spotlight on the subject contained therein
169
Assonance: Definition
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
170
Assonance: Example
"From the molten-golden notes"
171
Assonance: Effect
This creates rhythm in poetry
172
Consonance: Definition
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end or words or within words
173
Consonance: Example
"Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door"
174
Consonance: Effect
This heightens emotions or enhances an image in poetry
175
Onomatopoeia: Definition
The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the things makes
176
Onomatopoeia: Example
*rustle*
177
Onomatopoeia: Effect
This is used to create particularly vivid imagery
178
Internal Rhyme: Definition
WHen a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line
179
Internal Rhyme: Example
"To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!"
180
Internal Rhyme: Effect
This heightens the poem's effect and makes the poem more unified
181
Slant Rhyme: Definition
When a poet creates a Rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly- they are merely similar
182
Slant Rhyme: Example
"I sat upon a stone, and found my life was gone
183
Slant Rhyme: Effect
This catches the readers by surprise and subverts their expectations
184
End Rhyme: Definition
When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme
185
End Rhyme: Example
"Roses are, violets are blue, /Sugar is sweet, and so are you"
186
End Rhyme: Effect
This gives poetry a musical quality
187
Rhyme Scheme: Definition
The pattern of a poem's end rhymes
188
Rhyme Scheme: Example
a b a b "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?/ Thou art more lovely and more temperate.? Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May./ And summer's lease Hath all too short a date."
189
Rhyme Scheme: Effect
This aids the memory for recitation and gives predictable pleasure
190
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Definition
In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllable is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s)
191
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Example
The second syllable word "Unhappiness"
192
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Effect
This allows poets to focus readers' attention on the meaning of their poetry
193
Meter: Definition
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry
194
Meter: Example
"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary"
195
Meter: Effect
This helps the reader understand rhythm
196
Free Verse: Definition
Poetry that doesn't have much meter or rhyme
197
Free Verse: Example
TS Elliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
198
Free Verse: Effect
This gives greater freedom for choosing words, and conveying their meaning to the audience
199
Iambic Pentameter: Definition
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables
200
Iambic Pentameter: Example
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
201
Iambic Pentameter: Effect
This allows imitation of everyday speech in verse
202
Sonnet: Definition
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter that's usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet
203
Sonnet: Example
"My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun" by William Shakespeare
204
Sonnet: Effect
This helps strengthen close reading and analytical skills
205
Polysyndeton: Definition
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions which is used only before the last item in a list (normally)
206
Polysyndeton: Example
"I walked the dog, and feed the cat, and milked the cows"
207
Polysyndeton: Effect
This slows down the pace of the writing and/or adds an authoritative tone
208
Pun: Definition
When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way
209
Pun: Example
"My dog has a fur coat and pants!"
210
Pun: Effect
This is used to create comedic effect
211
Rhetoric: Definition
The art of effective communication
212
Rhetoric: Example
Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
213
Rhetoric: Effect
This convinces their readers and listeners about their POV
214
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle: Definition
The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject
215
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle: Example
Author's purpose, audience, subject
216
Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle: Effect
This allows the speak to effectively persuade
217
Rhetorical Question: Definition
Question not asked for information but for effect
218
Rhetorical Question: Example
"Are you finished interrupting me?" The angry parent asked the child
219
Rhetorical Question: Effect
Allows the reader to fill in the gap with their own mind
220
Romanticism: Definition
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature, not relying on traditional themes and or structures
221
Romanticism: Example
The composition Hymns to the Night to the Night by Novalis
222
Romanticism: Effect
This invited engagement with the cause of the poor and oppressed and with ideals of social emancipation and progress
223
Sarcasm: Definition
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded
224
Sarcasm: Example
Struggling with the door and saying "No.." when someone asks "Do you want help?"
225
Sarcasm: Effect
This is used to mock a given idea or position
226
Satire: Definition
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect it target
227
Satire: Example
1945 novel "Animal Farm"
228
Satire: Effect
This allows the conveying of social commentary and/or criticism
229
Sentence: Definition
A group of words (Including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought
230
Sentence: Example
"She took courses in history and literature"
231
Sentence: Effect
This brings the text together as a whole and can create different effects on the reader depending on the type of sentence
232
Appositive: Definition
A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its meaning
233
Appositive: Example
"Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city."
234
Appositive: Effect
This is used to provide essential or additional information
235
Clause: Definition
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb
236
Clause: Example
"Because my cat likes when the deliveryman feeds her bread crumbs, she does not irritate the deliveryman"
237
Clause: Effect
This establishes the relationship of ideas
238
Independent Clause: Definition
Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone in a sentence
239
Independent Clause: Example
"Football is my favorite sport"
240
Independent Clause: Effect
This lets the reader know what the sentence is about
241
Dependent Clause: Definition
Cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independnt clause
242
Dependent Clause: Example
"Other than baseball"
243
Dependent Clause: Effect
This affects the flow
244
Balanced Sentence: Definition
A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale. Both parts are parallel grammatically
245
Balanced Sentence: Example
"If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."
246
Balanced Sentence: Effect
This gives rhythmical flow to the text
247
Compound Sentence: Definition
Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clause
248
Compound Sentence: Example
"They got there early, and they got really good seats."
249
Compound Sentence: Effect
This makes the paragraphs more rich, colorful, and engaging
250
Complex Sentence: Definition
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
251
Complex Sentence: Example
"Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy."
252
Complex Sentence: Effect
This creates texts that are more interesting and paint a more vivid picture in the reader's head
253
Cumulative Sentence: Definition
When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements
254
Cumulative Sentence: Example
"He doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration"
255
Cumulative Sentence: Effect
This allows for a easier, straightforward, simple understanding through additional details
256
Periodic Sentence: Definition
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence. The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause.
257
Periodic Sentence: Example
"His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience"
258
Periodic Sentence: Effect
This produces dramatic tension and suspense to the pain point at the end of the sentence
259
Simple Sentence: Definition
Contains only one independent clause
260
Simple Sentence: Example
"I took the bus to school"
261
Simple Sentence: Effect
This serves as communication
262
Declarative Sentence: Definition
States an idea. It doesn't give a command or request, nor does it ask a question.
263
Declarative Sentence: Example
"The ball is round"
264
Declarative Sentence: Effect
This gives information
265
Imperative Sentence: Definition
Issues a command
266
Imperative Sentence: Example
"Kick the ball"
267
Imperative Sentence: Effect
This is used to portray clear, straightforward instructions and commands
268
Interrogative Sentence: Definition
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose)
269
Interrogative Sentence: Example
"To whom did you kick the ball?"
270
Interrogative Sentence: Effect
This is used to convey speech acts like questions indirectly
271
Style: Definition
The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes (Unconscious or conscious)
272
Style: Example
Persuasive writing
273
Style: Effect
This allows works of all genres and topics to be shared and expressed in ways that are memorable, intriguing, different
274
Syntax/Sentence Variety: Definition
Grammatical arrangement of words
275
Syntax/Sentence Variety: Example
"The boy ran hurriedly"
276
Syntax/Sentence Variety: Effect
This is used to achieve certain artistic effects, like mood, and tone
277
Theme: Definition
The central idea or message of a work
278
Theme: Example
"Power Corrupts"
279
Theme: Effect
This plays as the essential ingredient to make a story or poem meaningful
280
Thesis: Definition
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinions, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear
281
Thesis: Example
"To make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, you must procure the ingredients, find a knife, and spread the condiments"
282
Thesis: Effect
This helps tell what a reader what the paper will explain analyze, or argue
283
Tone: Definition
A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and organization.
284
Tone: Example
Playful
285
Tone: Effect
This gives shape and life to a story
286
Understatement: Definition
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is
287
Understatement: Example
"Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter"
288
Understatement: Effect
This gives an ironic effect
289
Litotes: Definition
A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which otherwise would be used
290
Litotes: Examples
"Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn't do your car any good"
291
Litotes: Effects
This can retain the effect of understatement or become an intensifying expression
292
Argument: Definition
A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion
293
Argument: Example
"The internet is a good invention"
294
Argument: Effect
This is intended to shape the outlook of readers
295
Premises: Definition
Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion
296
Premises: Example
"All spam is pink"
297
Premise: Effect
This gives the feeling of a storytelling roadmap basically
298
Aristotle's Appeals: Definition
The goal of argumentative is to persuade an audience that one's ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's (Divided into three categories ethos, pathos, and logos)
299
Aristotle's Appeals: Example
Ethos
300
Aristotle's Appeals: Effect
This helps build a stronger argument and be more persuasive in the writing
301
Ethos: Definition
Being convinced by the credibility of the author. Convincing audience that they are someone worth listening to
302
Ethos: Example
"As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results
303
Ethos: Effect
This gives the author credibility
304
Pathos: Definition
Persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions
305
Pathos: Example
"You will never be satisfied in life if you don't seize this opportunity"
306
Pathos: Effect
This can establish tone or mode and cause sympathy from the audience
307
Logos: Definition
Persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid arguments
308
Logos: Example
"Our country has the highest income tax in the world"
309
Logos: Effect
This allows for speakers to appeal to reader's intellects
310
Concession: Definition
Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint
311
Concession: Example
A teen arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone and following that up by saying i know you think i will just use it to text doing calls and friends instead of doing homework
312
Concession: Effect
This allows for different opinions and approaches toward an issue
313
Conditional Statement: Definition
An if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consquent
314
Conditional Statement: Example
"If you studied hard, then you will pass the test
315
Conditional Statement: Effect
This helps the author/speaker be able to express things that may happen in the present and future
316
Contradiction: Definition
A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions
317
Contradiction: Example
"The gentle torturer"
318
Contradiction: Effect
This allows for a detection of disingenuous beliefs and bias
319
Deductive Argument: Definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion
320
Deductive Argument: Example
"All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal"
321
Deductive Argument: Effect
This allows the writing and speaking clear, rhetorical, and effective
322
Fallacy: Definition
An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning
323
Fallacy: Example
Ad Hominem
324
Fallacy: Effect
This illustrates the inner mental workings of a character
325
Ad Hominem: Definition
Personally attacking your opponents instead of their arguments
326
Ad Hominem: Example
A politician arguing that his opponent cannot possibly be a good choice for women because he has a religious conviction that causes him to be pro-life
327
Ad Hominem: Effect
This allows writers to emphasize outside factors influencing the arguer
328
Appeal to Authority: Definition
The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right
329
Appeal to Authority: Example
A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is best way to start the day because athlete michael jordan says that it is what he eats everyday for breakfast
330
Appeal to Authority: Effect
This allows the use of credibility instead of evidence
331
Appeal to the Bandwagon: Definition
The claim, as evidence for n idea, that many people believe it, or used to believe it, or it
332
Appeal to the Bandwagon: Example
"The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it,the ducks quacked it"
333
Appeal to the Bandwagon: Effect
This allows the majority to agree with the argument of the writer
334
Appeal to emotion: Definition
An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience's emotions
335
Appeal to emotion: Example
Grocery store commercial that shows a happy family sitting around the table at thanksgiving
336
Appeal to emotion: Effect
This allows the author to sway the emotions of the audience to make them support the speaker's audience
337
Bad Analogy: Definition
Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren't
338
Bad Analog: Example
"We have pure food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can't we have laws to keep musicians from giving us filth for the mind'
339
Bad Analogy: Effect
This doesn't make the complex process or idea easier to understand
340
Cliche Thinking: Definition
Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it's proven, or as if it has no exceptions"
341
Cliche Thinking: Example
"I say: 'American: love it or leave it.' Anyone who disagrees with anything our country does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else."
342
Cliche Thinking: Effect
This can weaken dramatic effect and can be tedious, tiresome, and even annoying
343
False Cause: Definition
Assuming that because two things happened, the first one cause the second
344
False Cause: Example
"Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons. Therefore women's suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons"
345
False Clause: Effect
This could cause independablicay from the authors by the reader
346
Hasty Generalization: Definition
A generalization based on two little or unrepresentative data
347
Hasty Generalization: Example
"My uncle didn't go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don't go to college do just as well as those who do."
348
Hasty Generalization: Effect
This can cause misinformation and the manifestations of stereotypes
349
Non Sequitur: Definition
A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid arguement
350
Non Sequitur: Example
"Hinduism is one of the world's largest religious groups. It is also one of the world's oldest religions. HInduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the principles of Hinduism must be true."
351
Non Sequitur: Effect
This heightens comedic elements of literary work, especially theatrical plays, humorous writing
352
Slippery Slope: Definition
The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome
353
Slippery Slope: Example
"If you drink a glass of wine, then you'll soon be drinking all the time, and then you'll become a homeless alcoholic."
354
Slippery Slope: Effect
This can either bring positivity and encouragement or negativity and discouragement
355
Inductive Argument: Definition
An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion
356
Inductive Argument: Example
"A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag are black"
357
Inductive Argument: Effect
This allows for a relationship to be drawn between facts for which they have evidence and a conclusion
358
Sound Argument: Definition
A deductive argument is sad to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true
359
Sound Argument: Example
"All whales are mammals. A killer whale is a whale. Therefore, a killer whale is a mammal."
360
Sound Argument: Effect
This allows an establishment of conclusive support for a conclusion
361
Unstated Premises: Definition
Not every argument is fully expressed sometimes premises or even conclusions are left unexpressed.
362
Unstated Premises: Example
If one argues that rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated that Rover is a dog
363
Unstated Premises: Effect
This can have possible problematic effects
364
Valid Argument: Definition
An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises
365
Valid Argument: Example
"Either Elizabeth owns a Honda or she owns a Saturn. Elizabeth does not own a Honda. Therefore, Elizabeth owns a Saturn"
366
Valid Argument: Effect
This allows for a guaranteed truth of the conclusion
