LITERATURE Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What is the origin of the word ‘literature’?
A
Derived from the Latin term ‘litera’, meaning letter.
2
Q
How is literature defined by different writers?
A
Literature is loosely interpreted as any printed matter or as a faithful reproduction of man’s experiences.
3
Q
What does literature reflect about humanity?
A
Literature reflects man’s loves, grief, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations.
4
Q
Why is it important to study Philippine literature?
A
To appreciate our literary heritage, understand ourselves better, and take pride in being Filipino.
5
Q
What are the stages of development of Philippine Literature in English?
A
- The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
- Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
- Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
- Japanese Period: 1941-1945
- The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970
- Period of Activism: 1970-1972
- Period of the New Society: 1972-1981
- Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985
- Contemporary Period: 1986
6
Q
How are literature and history interconnected?
A
Literature includes the feelings, aspirations, customs, and traditions of a people, which are part of history.
7
Q
True or False: Literature can include imaginary events.
A
True
8
Q
Name a literary composition that has influenced the world.
A
- The Bible
- Koran
- The Iliad and the Odyssey
- The Mahabharata
- Canterbury Tales
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
- The Divine Comedy
- El Cid Compeador
- The Song of Roland
- The Book of the Dead
- The Book of the Days
- One Thousand and One Nights
9
Q
What are the two general types of literature?
A
Prose and Poetry.
10
Q
What is prose?
A
Written in paragraph form, expressed in ordinary language, appealing to the intellect.
11
Q
What is poetry?
A
Written in stanza or verse form, expressed in metrical and figurative language, appealing to the emotion.
12
Q
What is a novel?
A
A long narrative divided into chapters, often based on true-to-life stories.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: A ______ is a narrative involving one or more characters and a single plot.
A
Short Story
14
Q
What is a play?
A
A literary work presented on stage, divided into acts and scenes.
15
Q
What is a legend?
A
A fictitious narrative about origins, believed to have taken place in human history.
16
Q
What are fables?
A
Fictitious stories involving animals that speak and act like humans, aimed at enlightening children.
17
Q
What is the purpose of anecdotes?
A
To bring out a lesson through brief, revealing accounts.
18
Q
What does an essay express?
A
The viewpoint or opinion of the writer on a particular problem or event.
19
Q
What is the difference between narrative and lyric poetry?
A
Narrative poetry tells a story about events, while lyric poetry expresses emotions and feelings.
20
Q
What is an epic?
A
An extended narrative about heroic exploits, often involving supernatural elements.
21
Q
What are the two types of epic poetry?
A
Popular (ancient) and Literary (modern).
22
Q
What is a ballad?
A
A narrative poem that is short and simple, telling of a single incident.
23
Q
What is a folksong?
A
A short poem intended to be sung, often about themes like love and sorrow.
24
Q
What is a sonnet?
A
A lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with emotions or ideas.
25
What is Sitsiritsit?
A Filipino folk song that humorously describes a flirtatious woman threatening a storeowner about ants if credit is not extended
## Footnote
It also includes unusual situations like exchanging a child for a doll or bagoong.
26
Define a sonnet.
A lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, feeling, or idea
27
What are the two types of sonnets?
* Italian
* Shakespearean
28
What is an elegy?
A lyric poem expressing feelings of grief and melancholy, typically themed around death
29
Define an ode.
A poem of noble feeling expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or lines in a stanza.
30
What is a psalm?
A song praising God or the Virgin Mary, containing a philosophy of life
31
What is an awit?
A song with a measure of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria
32
Give an example of an awit.
Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas
33
What are corridos?
Poems with measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) recited to a martial beat
34
Provide an example of a corrido.
Ibong Adarna
35
What is comedy in dramatic poetry?
A form that is light and written to amuse, usually with a happy ending
36
Define melodrama.
A form used in musical plays that arouses intense emotion, usually sad but may have a happy ending for the principal character
37
What characterizes tragedy in dramatic poetry?
A hero struggling against dynamic forces, meeting death or ruin without success
38
What is farce?
An exaggerated comedy that seeks to arouse mirth through ridiculous situations and caricatured characters
39
What are social poems?
Poems that are purely comic or tragic, picturing contemporary life and aiming to bring about social changes
40
What is Baybayin or Alibata?
An ancient Filipino script similar to the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet, now functionally dead but undergoing revitalization
41
What is a legend?
A form of prose about the origin of a thing, place, or name, often imaginary and entertaining
42
Give an example of a legend.
The Legend of the Tagalogs
43
What are folk tales?
Stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor that impart lessons about life
44
Provide an example of a folk tale.
The Moon and the Sun
45
What characterizes epics?
Long narrative poems detailing heroic achievements or events
46
Name one example of a Filipino epic.
Biag ni Lam-ang
47
What are folk songs?
One of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period, often with 12 syllables
48
What are epigrams?
Short sayings used as laws or rules on good behavior, often like allegories
49
What is a riddle?
A measured line with rhyme, consisting of four to twelve syllables
50
What is a chant?
A form used in witchcraft or enchantment
51
What are maxims?
Rhyming couplets with verses typically having 5, 6, or 8 syllables
52
What are sayings?
Common expressions often used to tease or comment on behavior
53
What is the significance of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
Introduced new customs, religion, and fundamental changes in the lives of the native population
54
What are the first books printed in the Philippines?
* Ang Doctrina Cristiana
* Nuestra Senora Del Rosario
* Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre
* Ang Barlaan at Josephat
* The Pasion
* Urbana at Felisa
* Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria
55
What was Ang Doctrina Cristiana?
The first book printed in the Philippines in 1693, containing key Christian prayers and teachings
56
What was the role of Ladinos during the Spanish period?
Indigenous Filipinos who translated Spanish works and helped propagate literature
57
What was the impact of Spanish colonization on literacy?
Introduced the first printing press and published the first book
58
What is 'Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria'?
A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary, written by Fr. Mariano Sevilla in 1865.
59
What is 'Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala'?
Art and Rules of the Tagalog language.
60
What is 'Compendio de la Lengua Tagala'?
Understanding the Tagalog language, used as the basis for the development of Filipino.
61
What was the first dictionary of the Tagalog language?
Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala.
62
What does 'Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga' serve as?
An invaluable source for the Kapampangan language.
63
What type of songs became widespread in the Philippines?
Folk songs.
64
Name one example of a Tagalog folk song.
Leron-Leron Sinta.
65
What is 'Tibag'?
A ritual performance about St. Helena's search for the Cross.
66
What is the purpose of 'Lagaylay'?
A special occasion for the Pilarefios of Sorsogon to praise the Blessed Cross.
67
What is 'Cenaculo'?
A dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
68
What is the difference between the 'Cantada' and 'Hablada' in Cenaculo?
'Cantada' is chanted, while 'Hablada' is spoken in a deliberate manner.
69
What is 'Panunuluyan'?
A presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn.
70
What does 'Salubong' dramatize?
The meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother.
71
What is 'Carillo'?
A form of shadow play performed on a moonless night.
72
What is the 'Zarzuela'?
A musical comedy or melodrama in three acts.
73
What is the 'Sainete'?
A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century.
74
What is the 'Moro-Moro'?
A play performed during town fiestas about a Christian princess captured by Mohammedans.
75
What is the 'Karagatan'?
A poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during a person's death.
76
What is the 'Duplo'?
A poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
77
What is 'Balagtasan'?
A poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate.
78
What is the 'Dung-aw'?
A chant in free verse by a bereaved person beside the corpse.
79
What is the distinction between 'Awit' and 'Corrido'?
'Awit' is in do decasyllabic verse, while both are referred to as narrative poetry.
80
What historical event started the Philippine Revolution?
The execution of Gomburza (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) on February 17, 1872.
81
What was the main agenda of the literary period during the Enlightenment?
A strong feeling of nationalism.
82
Who were the principal leaders of the Propaganda Movement?
* Jose P. Rizal
* Marcelo H. Del Pilar
* Graciano Lopez Jaena
83
What was Jose Rizal's pen-name?
Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
84
What is 'Noli Me Tangere'?
A novel that exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines.
85
What is 'El Filibusterismo'?
A sequel to Noli Me Tangere that exposed evils in the government and church.
86
What is 'Mi Ultimo Adios'?
A poem by Rizal written while he was incarcerated.
87
What is the purpose of the Propaganda Movement?
* Seek equal treatment under the law
* Restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes
* Filipinize the parishes
* Freedom of speech and press
88
What did Marcelo H. Del Pilar establish?
Diariong Tagalog, exposing the evils of the Spanish government.
89
What was the outcome of the Propaganda Movement?
It paved the way for the revolution against Spain.
90
Who assisted Marcelo H. Del Pilar in publishing a different Catechism and Passion Book?
Fr. Serrano Laktaw
91
What is the title of the humorous and sarcastic work published by Del Pilar in response to Fr. Jose Rodriquez?
KAIINGAT KAYO
92
What significant role did Del Pilar take on upon arriving in Spain?
Editor of a newspaper
93
What disease did Marcelo H. Del Pilar succumb to in Spain?
Tuberculosis
94
What was Del Pilar's patriotic request to his companions before he died?
To tell his family he was sorry and to inform others about the fate of the countrymen
95
What is the name of the poem by Del Pilar that pleads for change from Spain?
SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS
96
What is the title of the work translated from Rizal's AMOR PATRIA?
PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA
97
What did the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN sarcastically criticize?
Parish priests
98
What literary genre does the work 'ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS' belong to?
Catechism
99
Who is known as the Father of Filipino Democracy?
Andres Bonifacio
100
What organization did Andres Bonifacio establish?
Katipunan
101
What was the primary aim of the Katipunan?
To achieve independence from Spanish rule
102
What was the name of the publication associated with the Katipunan?
Kalayaan
103
What is the theme of Bonifacio's poem 'PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA'?
Response to Spanish colonization
104
Who edited the newspaper 'Kalayaan'?
Emilio Jacinto
105
What is the title of Emilio Jacinto's primer book for the Katipunan?
Kartilya ng Katipunan
106
What does 'A LA PATRIA' express?
Gratitude and love for the country
107
What significant historical role did Apolinario Mabini play during the Philippine Revolution?
Right-hand man to Emilio Aguinaldo
108
What is the title of Mabini's masterpiece aimed at propagating nationalism?
EL VERDADERO DECALOGO
109
What is the significance of the work 'ANG FRAY BOTOD'?
It critiques the greed and immorality of friars in the Philippines
110
What was the main goal of the La Liga Filipina?
To involve the people directly in the reform movement
111
What does 'HULING PAALAM' translate to in English?
Last Farewell
112
What did the Filipinos experience under Spanish rule that led to the revolution?
Oppression and denial of reforms
113
What group did Andres Bonifacio and other revolutionaries form as a response to Spanish oppression?
La Liga Filipina
114
What was the main theme of Emilio Jacinto's 'Liwanag at Dilim'?
Freedom and legitimate political authority
115
What was the original aim of the Katipunan when it was established?
To liberate the Filipinos from colonial rule
116
What literary work by Del Pilar is characterized by sarcasm against parish priests?
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
117
Who were the notable leaders of the Active Revolution period?
* Andres Bonifacio
* Emilio Jacinto
* Apolinario Mabini
118
Who became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when he founded his Republic in Malolos?
Mabini
## Footnote
Mabini was known for his sharp memory and simple clothing during his schooling.
119
What was the aim of Mabini's masterpiece 'EL VERDADERO DECALOGO'?
To propagate the spirit of nationalism
## Footnote
It outlines the ideals Mabini believed the Philippine revolution should possess.
120
What is 'EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA' about?
An account and critique of the Philippine Revolution and the first years of self-governance
## Footnote
Written by Mabini in 1901-1903.
121
Which work of Mabini is titled 'SA BAYANG PILIPINO'?
To the Filipino Nation
## Footnote
This is one of Mabini's significant contributions to literature.
122
Who wrote 'Lupang Hinirang', the National Anthem of the Philippines?
Jose Palma
## Footnote
The anthem was set to music by Julian Felipe.
123
When was Jose Palma born?
June 6, 1876
## Footnote
He was born in Tondo, Manila.
124
What is the title of Jose Palma's collection of poems?
MELANCOLIAS
## Footnote
It reflects his literary contributions aside from the National Anthem.
125
What was the purpose of the newspaper 'HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION'?
To print decrees of the Revolutionary Government and news that aroused nationalism
## Footnote
It included works in Tagalog.
126
Who edited the newspaper 'LA INDEPENDENCIA'?
Antonio Luna
## Footnote
The aim of the newspaper was for Philippine Independence.
127
What role did Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta play during the wars?
He was a Filipino army general who fought in the Spanish-American War, Philippine Revolution, and Philippine-American War
## Footnote
He was known as one of the fiercest generals of his time.
128
What was 'LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA' established by Pedro Paterno?
A newspaper established in 1898
## Footnote
Paterno was known for being a turncoat and a poet.
129
What happened to the newspaper 'La Libertad' after its initial publication?
It was stopped by the Revolutionary government and the printing press was seized
## Footnote
Clemente Zulueta edited this newspaper.
130
Fill in the blank: The newspaper 'LA LIBERTAD' was established on _______.
June 20, 1898
