Literatuur week 1 Autonomy

Question 1

What consist of neural cell bodies, axons & dendrites?

Answer 1

Grey matter

Question 2

Where does white matter consists of?

Answer 2

Nerve fibers with myeline sheath

Question 3

What do we call the closest connections between the cortex and thalamus

Answer 3

Thalamus-cortical system

Question 4

Name two main parts of the nervous system

Answer 4

Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 5

What does the CNS contain?

Answer 5

Brain and spinal cord

Question 6

What are gyri and sulci

Answer 6

Landmarks

Question 7

What do we use as a way of mapping the cortex?

Answer 7

Brodmann areas

Question 8

How do we call the visible outer brain?

Answer 8

Neocortex

Question 9

What is the opposite of contraleteral? i.e. axons in the same hemisphere

Answer 9

Ipsilateral

Question 10

What lies on top of your cerebrum?

Answer 10

Cerebral cortex

Question 11

What divides the posterior cortex from the frontal cortex?

Answer 11

Central sulcus

Question 12

What area is used for emtotional processing, social cognition, planning, initiating activities and monitoring one’s actions?

Answer 12

Prefrontal cortex

Question 13

What lobe is used for motor planning and motor output?

Answer 13

Frontal lobe

Question 14

What region is involved in the verbal expression of language? (located in the frontal cortex)

Answer 14

Broca’s area

Question 15

Which lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration?

Answer 15

Parietal lobe

Question 16

What is the anterior region of the parietal lobe called?

Answer 16

Somatosensory cortex

Question 17

Which lobe consists of auditory laguage, speech comperhension systems

Answer 17

Temporal lobe

Question 18

Which lobe contains the region fusiform face area? (face recognition)

Answer 18

Temporal lobe

Question 19

Which lobe contains the visual cortex?

Answer 19

Occipital lobe

Question 20

Which region is responsible for balance/ controlling fine motor movements, cognitive functions and coordination?

Answer 20

Cerebellum

Question 21

What is called an hidden part of the brain that may be involved in ‘gut feeling’ and interoception (feeling of one’s inner organs)

Answer 21

The insula

Question 22

Which lobe is home to the hippocampus, amygdala and limbic cortex?

Answer 22

Medial temporal lobe

Question 23

What is called a type of white matter tract that crosses the midline, connecting the same cortical area in opposite hemispheres

Answer 23

Commissures

Question 24

The cortical sensory motor pathways can be devided in to two sets. One flows trough the…. and the other trough the….

Answer 24

Cranial nerves, spinal cord

Question 24

The cortical sensory motor pathways can be devided in to two sets. One flow trough the…. and the other trough the….

Answer 24

Cranial nerves, spinal cord

Question 25

Which subcortical structure is important for remembering conscious experiences and episodic memory?

Answer 25

Hippocampus

Question 26

Which subcortical structure is imporant for emotion and learning processes?

Answer 26

Amygdala

Question 27

Which subcortical structure is important for action planning and unconscious cognitive operations?

Answer 27

Basal ganglia

Question 28

Which two development theories of nature and nurture are there? (epigenesis)

Answer 28

Predetermined and Probablistic

Question 29

What type of migration is happining when young cells are pushed away from the proliferative zone by more recently born cells?

Answer 29

Passive cell displacement

Question 30

What type of migration is happining when young cells are pushed away from the proliferative zone by more recently born cells?

Answer 30

Passive cell displacement

Question 31

What is called the increae in sheath that surround neuronal processes and fibers and increases the efficiency of electrical transmission?

Answer 31

Myelination

Question 32

The ability to retain an object in mind after it has been hidden by another object or a cover is called?

Answer 32

Object permanence

Question 33

What is the ability to change structure or function in a sustained manner in response to some type of external stimulation called? (the aging brain)

Answer 33

Plasticity

Question 34

What model suggests that there are specific experiences and bevaiours that give protections from age-related decline?

Answer 34

Cognitive reserve model

Question 35

What is ion permability?

Answer 35

The ability of ions to corss the membrane

Question 36

What is neurogenesis?

Answer 36

Brain areas are able to grow new neurons

Question 37

What is apoptosis?

Answer 37

A neuron can self-initiate preprogrammed cell death (pruning)

Question 38

What is the modular concept of the brain en what is the network concept of the brain?

Answer 38

• Modular concept of the brain: each area has its own function
• Network concept of the brain: each function is implemented
  by a combination of regions

Question 39

What are some predictors of cognitive decline?

Answer 39

Age, health and biomarkers (comorbidity, genetics) and experience/ lifestyle (low education level, lack of exercise, smoking, nutrition)

Question 40

Which part of the brain is involved in the Stroop task?

Answer 40

The front part of the cingulate gyrus is involved in detecting or revolving tasks with conflicting stimuli

Question 41

What are some mechanisms of plasticity?

Answer 41

Dendritic spine development and pruning/ apoptosis, myelination, receptor changes and neurogenesis

Question 42

What are the areas of the ‘social brain’

Answer 42

Superior temporal sulcus (STS), the fusiform face area (FFA), and the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

What does the scaffholding theory of aging and cognition (STAC) suggests?

Answer 43

That cognitive function in older adults can be understood in terms of the magnitude of neural insults that the brain had sustained and the compensatory neural activities that maintain cognitive behavior

Question 44

What is dendritic spine formation?

Answer 44

Based on stimulation levels, connectivity between cells can change