Lithosphere

Question 1

Can you name all the erosional processes of glaciation?

Answer 1

Plucking
Abrasion
Freeze-thaw weathering

Question 2

What are the names of the depositional features of glaciation?

Answer 2

1. Drumlin
2. Esker
3. Terminal Moraine

Question 3

Describe the movement of a glacier in the formation of a corrie.

Answer 3

The glacier moves down hill due to its own weight and gravity.

Question 4

Describe the three types of erosional processes.

Answer 4

Plucking- when the glacier freezes to rocks and pulls chunks away from the hollow wall as it travels downhill making the hollow steeper.
Abrasion- When rocks stuck in the base of the glacier scrape at the river bed leaving striations and making the hollow deeper.
Freeze -thaw weathering -(not actually an erosional process) When water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes, expands by 9% and contracts forcing the rock apart.

Question 5

How does a glacier form?

Answer 5

Fresh snow falls in north/NE facing hollows where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer. It compresses to form neve/firn after 3-5 years. After 30-45 years it has compressed further to form glacial ice (the glacier).

Question 6

What is the difference between a corrie, an arete and a pyramidal peak?

Answer 6

An Arete is two corries formed back to back. A pyramidal peak is 3 or more and a corrie is only one.

Question 7

Sometimes a corrie lochan can form how?

Answer 7

When the glacier may melt or rainwater is trapped and dammed, the water will stay in place to form a loch.

Question 8

Name an example of a corrie, an arete and a pyramidal peak in which you could refer to in an answer.

Answer 8

Corrie- Red Tarn
Arete- Striding Edge
Pyramidal Peak- The Matterhorn

Question 9

Describe the formation of a U-shaped valley.

Answer 9

A U-shaped valley is formed by the erosion of the glacier

Question 10

What makes a hanging valley different from a U-shaped valley?

Answer 10

A hanging valley is a smaller side valley left ‘hanging’ above the main U-shaped valley.

Question 11

How is a hanging valley eroded and what makes it a hanging valley?

Answer 11

It is eroded by a smaller glacier which then joins the main U shaped valley which is much larger. The hanging valley is much smaller and often forms a waterfall flowing down into the main river channel.

Question 12

What is a ribbon loch and what are some of the processes involved?

Answer 12

A loch formed by the erosion of the glacier and deposition of terminal moraine.
Processes include: Plucking, Abrasion, freeze-thaw weathering and differential erosion ( between soft and hard rock)

Question 13

What are the three depositional features of glaciation?

Answer 13

Esker, Drumlin, Terminal Moraine

Question 14

What is a drumlin?

Answer 14

An elongated hill which has a steep stoss slope and a low lee slope which points downhill in the direction of ice flow. It is composed of unsorted glacial deposits.

Question 15

What is an esker and give an example.

Answer 15

An esker is a meandering ridge of sorted glacial deposits. It is formed in the path of the river which flowed under the glacier. When it lost energy it deposited material off in its path, Large material falling first, then finer sands falling on top. An example is Camore hill in Sutherland

Question 16

How is Terminal moraine formed?

Answer 16

A terminal moraine, also known as an end moraine, forms at the farthest extent of a glacier’s advance, marking where the ice has stopped moving and deposited the debris it was carrying. This occurs when the glacier melts, loses its strength, and deposits all the material it was transporting at the front. The debris, which includes rocks, stones, and smaller particles, accumulates in a mound or ridge at the glacier’s terminus, forming the terminal moraine.

Question 17

What key factor causes the features found on the coast?

Answer 17

Wave erosion and wave deposition

Question 18

What 2 factors can influence a wave?

Answer 18

Wind speed and the fetch

Question 19

Can you name the 7 processes that affect erosion of the coast?

Answer 19

1. fetch
2. depth of the sea
3. steepness of the wave
4. point of wave break on the coast
5. joints and faults in the coastline
6. amount of beach
   7 The geology of the land

Question 20

What are the two different kinds of waves that occur and how are they different from each other?

Answer 20

Constructive and de-constructive waves

Question 21

What are the 4 erosional processes that erode the coast and describe them?

Answer 21

1. Hydraulic action, when the force of the wave compresses air in the crack in the rock and creates an explosive blast.
2. Abrasion, when sand, shingle, pebbles and rock fragments are thrown against the coast by energy waves
3. Attrition, as particles are moved around in waves they constantly collide with eachother, breaking them down into smaller fragments of sand/gravel and commonly results in rounding.
4. Solution, minerals at the coast (in the rock face) can be dissolved by the sea water e.g. limestone and chalk making it less sturdy and weaker.

Question 22

What are the two types of coastlines that can occur?

Answer 22

Concordant coastlines and disconcordant coastlines

Question 23

Briefly describe the formation of a headland and bay in a disconcordant coastline.

Answer 23

Example = Swanage
Disconcrordant coast with the most resistant (chalk and limestone) jutting out as headlands and less resistant (clays and sands) being eroded into bays.

Question 24

Briefly describe the formation of a headland and bay in a concordant coastline.

Answer 24

Example = Lulworth cove
Concordant coast with most resistant e.g. limestone forming headlands and less resistant (mudstone) eroded as a bay.

Question 25

Can you identify the key points needed in the model answer for a Headland and Bay?

Answer 25

1. Formed by differential erosion 2. A headland is an area of hard rock jutting out into the sea 3. A bay is an area of sheltered, softer rock between headlands 4. Often found in disconcordant coastlines where there is alternate bands of rock found at right angles to the coast 5. Constructive waves build a beach in the bay 6. formed by Hydraulic Action, Abrasion, solution and Attrition

Question 26

How is a wave-cut platform eroded and formed and can you name some of its key features?

Answer 26

Eroded by differential erosion, abrasion, hydraulic action, solution and attrition 1. Waves undercut a deep notch in the headland where the waves strike the rock 2. Is where an area of headland is eroded to form a platform to look out to the sea and is cut into shape by the waves

Question 27

Describe the formation of a (a)arch) , (b)stack)

Answer 27

a) arch is formed when caves are eroded, widened. When two caves are formed back to back they meet and break through creating an arch. b) stack is formed when the arch is continuously eroded and is left unsupported collapsing into the sea. It leaves behind a stack of headland.

Question 28

What is the key factor involved in the formation of coastal depositional features?

Answer 28

Longshore drift (swash and backwash)

Question 29

Can you describe the effect of longshore drift?

Answer 29

Longshore drift moves material up the beach this is called the swash. It builds up material at 45' to the coast. Some material is then pulled backwards by the backwash. This creates an area of elevated sand or shingle, this only happens when deposition is greater then erosion.

Question 30

What are the three coastal depositional features?

Answer 30

A sand spit, a sand bar and a tombolo

Question 31

What is the difference between a spit, a bar and a tombolo?

Answer 31

- Spit is a stretch of sand which grows until a hook forms. - A bar is a long length of sand of shingle which connects two headlands together - A tombolo is a stretch of sand or shingle which connects the mainland to an island.

Question 32

Can you describe the formation of a sand spit?

Answer 32

1. Areas of low ridges of sand or shingle 2. Caused by long shore drift 3. most likely to occur when there is little influence form tides and rivers 4. They form when there is a change in direction of the coastline 5. The spit can sometimes form a hook at the end if there is a second prevailing wind 6. Behind the hook, there will be an area of sheltered water which may have salt marsh 7. Example=Spurn Head

Question 33

What is the key information you need from the sand bar model answer? (bullet point)

Answer 33

1. Areas of low ridges of sand or shingle 2. Caused by long shore drift 3. Form when there is little influence from rivers or tides 4. Bar will form where there is a change of direction of a coastline 5. If it connects two headlands together it becomes a bar 6. Behind the bar there is an area of sheltered water known as a lagoon 7. Exmaple= Slapton Sands

Question 34

How is a coastal tombolo formed?

Answer 34

1. Areas of low ridges of sand or shingle 2. Caused by long shore drift 3. Form when there is little influence from rivers or tides 4. They form when there is a change in direction of the coastline 5. Is a spit that connects the mainland to the island 6. If the spit continues to extend out to an island it becomes known as a tombolo. 7. Example=St. Ninians Isle