liver

Question 1

what are the surfaces of the liver?

Answer 1

the diaphragmatic, visceral, lateral, and apex surface

Question 2

what makes up the diaphragmatic surface?

Answer 2

the superior, posterior, and anterior aspect of the liver

Question 3

what makes up the visceral surface?

Answer 3

the inferior aspect of the liver

Question 4

what is the subphrenic recess?

Answer 4

a zone that divides the liver and the diaphragm

Question 5

how is the subphrenic recess divided again?

Answer 5

into right and left lobes by the falciform ligament

Question 6

what is the hepatorenal recess?

Answer 6

the recess that divides the liver from the right kidney

Question 7

what part of the visceral surface of the liver is covered with visceral peritoneum?

Answer 7

all of them except for the fossa for gallbladder and the porta hepatis

Question 8

what structures are involved in the visceral surface of the liver?

Answer 8

esophagus, anterior kanan lambung, superior duodenum, lesser omentum, gallbladder, right co/lic flexure, transverse co/lon, kidney, dan juga suprarenal gland (Soviet Anthem)

Question 9

apa fungsi falciform ligament dalam penempelan liver?

Answer 9

menempelkan liver ke dinding anterior abdomen

Question 10

apa ligamen yang menempelkan liver ke diafragma?

Answer 10

anterior and posterior coronal ligament, right and left triangular ligament

Question 11

apa ligament penempel hati ke struktur seperti … dan …?

Answer 11

lambung dan duodenum, ligamen hepatogastric dan hepatoduodenal

Question 12

apa ligament penempel hati ke diafragma?

Answer 12

bagian liver yang menempel langsung ke diafragma tanpa peritoneum

Question 13

di mana bare area pada liver?

Answer 13

posterosuperior

Question 14

apa batasan anterior dari bare area liver?

Answer 14

anterior coronary ligament

Question 15

what is the posterior border of the liver bare area?

Answer 15

posterior coronal ligament

Question 16

what is the lateral border of the liver bare area?

Answer 16

the right triangular ligament

Question 17

what is the medial border of the liver’s bare area?

Answer 17

vena cava inferior

Question 18

where does the quadrate lobe originate from?

Answer 18

the right lobe

Question 19

where does the caudate lobe originate from?

Answer 19

between the right and left lobe

Question 20

what are the borders of the quadrate lobe?

Answer 20

lateral: gallbladder fossa
medial: fissure for ligamentum teres

Question 21

what are the borders of the caudate lobe?

Answer 21

lateral: inferior vena cava
medial: fissure for ligamentum venosum

Question 22

what vascularizes the liver?

Answer 22

the right and left hepatic artery from the proper hepatic artery

Question 23

why are some hepatocytes binucleate?

Answer 23

aging, surgical resectioning, metabolic stress, they indicate insulin dysfunction

Question 24

bagaimana karakteristik hepatosit?

Answer 24

hexagonal, granula

Question 25

apa yang dilakukan dalam ostomy?

Answer 25

penempelan GI tract ke anterior abdomen

Question 26

what does ALT and AST stand for

Answer 26

alanine transferase and aspartate transferase

Question 27

what would you expect in patients with a liver disease?

Answer 27

ALT (alanine transaminase)>AST(aspartate transaminase)

Question 28

why is ALT>AST in liver disease?

Answer 28

ALT is more specific to the liver, while the AST is more general

Question 29

if AST is high and ALT is normal, where is the damage?

Answer 29

most likely extrahepatic, consider muscle and check for CPK

Question 30

are there exceptions to the liver damage ALT>AST rule? why?

Answer 30

alcohol liver damage, alcohol rises AST, however AST clearance takes 36 hours while acute alcohol testing happens usually 24 hours within drinking

Question 31

where else is the source of ALP? (this can be used for diagnosis)

Answer 31

osteoblastic activity/osteoblasts

Question 32

what if there's a sudden rise in ALP & GGT?

Answer 32

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 33

why does alcohol increase GGT?

Answer 33

GGT is produced to detoxify alcohol

Question 34

how does cirrhosis contribute to the intrahepatic vasculature of its surrounding areas?

Answer 34

distortion causes portal hypertension

Question 35

what are the complications of cirrhosis (in terms of spleen)?

Answer 35

hypertension of splenic veins may lead to splenomegaly

Question 36

what are the complications of cirrhosis (in terms of vasculature)?

Answer 36

varicose at portosystemic anastomosis

Question 37

what does the hepatic portal system do?

Answer 37

drains blood from the viscera to the liver

Question 38

what drains these blood back to the heart?

Answer 38

the hepatic veins

Question 39

what does portal hypotension do to blood flow (in terms of collateral channels)?

Answer 39

blood flows to the anastomoses of the portosystemic veins

Question 40

where are the 3 largest anastomosis regions?

Answer 40

the gastroesophageal area (between gastric and esophagus veins [azygos]) the anus (superior rectal to the middle and inferior vein) the anterior abdominal wall (the paraumbilical and the anterior abdominal veins)

Question 41

what are the varicose of these respective veins called?

Answer 41

varices at the anorectal junction esophageal varices caput medusae at umbilicus