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Gastrointestinal system > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In the dome of the diaphragm within the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the basic liver?

A

Left, quadrate, right and caudate

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the caudate lobe?

A

Caudate and papillary processes

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4
Q

In which species is the gall bladder absent?

A

Horse

Rat

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5
Q

What does the connective tissue capsule surrounding the liver extend into the liver as?

A

Highly branched septae

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6
Q

What are the anatomical units of the liver called?

A

Hepatic lobules

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7
Q

What is the name of the chief functional cells of the liver? What is their function?

A

Hepatocytes

Absorb molecules from ‘space of Disse’ across sinusoidal membrane

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8
Q

Over which membrane is bile secreted?

A

Canalicular membrane

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9
Q

What is the role of the Biliary system?

A
  • convey bile from liver to duodenal lumen
  • secrete bile into canaliculi
  • this then flows into small bile ducts (ductules)
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10
Q

What determines how much bile enters the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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11
Q

What are the two vessels supplying the liver, what % of blood is supplied by each?

A

Hepatic portal vein = 75%

Hepatic artery = 25%

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12
Q

Where does the blood supply from the lungs enter?

A

Hepatic veins -> Caudal vena cava

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13
Q

How is blood supplied to a hepatic lobule?

A

Blood from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein combines to supply the central hepatic venule, which lies in the centre of the hepatic lobule

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14
Q

What is hepatic acinus?

A

How close the liver tissue is to its blood supply

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15
Q

What acts as a protective mechanism in the sinusoids?

A

Macrophages - Kupffer cells

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16
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A
  1. synthesis of cholesterol and bile
  2. synthesis of plasma proteins
  3. production of clotting factors
  4. detoxification of body wastes
  5. storage of glycogen, iron, copper and vitamins
17
Q

How is ammonia converted by the liver to be less toxic?

A

Converted to urea and secreted in urine

18
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down a drug/toxin in the liver?

A

Cytochrome P450

19
Q

How are RBC’s removed from blood?

A

By macrophages in the spleen and liver

20
Q

What is haem converted to when degraded from a RBC?

A

Bile pigments

Biliverdin -> Bilirubin -> bound to albumin -> conjugated with glucoronic acid

21
Q

What are the 3 main functions of bile?

A
  1. promotes hydrolysis of lipases
  2. facilitates intestinal absorption of lipids
  3. exit route for waste products and drugs
22
Q

What are the different components that make up bile?

A 
Water
electrolytes
biliary pigments
bile pigments
cholesterol
phospholipids
bile acids
23
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder, why is its presence important in carnivores and omnivores?

A
  • Bile storage

- Beneficial to animals with intermittent digestion

24
Q

Which two primary bile acids are synthesised from cholesterol?

A
  1. Cholic acid

2. Chenodeoxycholic Acid

25
Q

What can be added to primary bile acids to make them water soluble?

A

Glycine or taurine

26
Q

Where can some primary bile acids be modified into secondary bile acids, and by what?

A

In the terminal ileum

By bacteria

27
Q

How are bile acids secreted?

A
  • transported into bile canaliculus (active)
  • isolated from hepatocyte cell to prevent leakage
  • emptied into duodenum
28
Q

What is the recycling process of bile acids known as?

A

Enterohepatic circulation

29
Q

What % of bile salts are lost in faeces?

A

5%

30
Q

Parasympathetic secretion of bile is regulated by what?

A

CCK and secretin

31
Q

Between meals there is a lack of fat in the duodenum, how does this affect bile secretion?

A
  1. Relaxation of gall bladder
  2. Contraction of Sphincter of Oddi
  3. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts decreases
  4. Bile stored and concentrated in gall bladder
32
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of liver disease?

A
  • hepatic dysfunction
  • vomiting and diarrhoea
  • change in liver size
  • Jaundice (increased levels of bilirubin)
33
Q

What are the two types of porto-systemic shunts?

A
  1. congenital - single shunt

2. acquired - multiple shunts

34
Q

What are the clinical signs when there are porto-systemic shunts?

A
  • liver unable to detoxify waste products as blood by passes it
  • hyperammonemia
  • polyuria/polydipsia

Gastrointestinal system (9 decks)

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