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ANSC 311 > Liver And Bile > Flashcards

Liver And Bile Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

What do you call scarring of the liver

A

Cirrhosis

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2
Q

Can you live without your liver

A

No

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3
Q

What percentage of out cardiac output goes into the liver

A

25%

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the liver (4)

A
  1. Detoxification and metabolism
  2. Storage (glucose and fat)
  3. Endocrine (IGF-1) which causes cells to grow
  4. Exocrine
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5
Q

What organ is IGF-1 associated with, what does it do

A

It is associated with the liver
It causes cells to grow

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6
Q

How is the liver associated with metabolism and detoxification

A

1.absorbed nutreints reaches the liver first before delivery to peripheral tissues (except fat)
2. Peripheral tissues do not see what is absorbed from the GI tract
Examples: blood glucose, ammonia detoxification, VLDL, billirubin

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7
Q

What are the three functions of the liver

A
  1. Process nutrients
  2. Synthetic function
  3. Protection
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8
Q

Define each
- glycogenesis
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis

A

Glycogenesis: making of glycogen

Glucogneogenisis: making of new glucose

Glycogenolysis: breaking down of glycogen

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9
Q

What does the liver do reguarding glucose and glycogen when we are in a fasting state

A

Gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis

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10
Q

What does the liver do with amino acids

A

It turns them into proteins and pre-hormones

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11
Q

What is the liver involved in, in terms of processing things

A
  1. Deals with triglycerides
  2. Converts amino acids into proteins and pre-hormones
  3. Stores vitamins
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12
Q

How is glucose different from amylopectin, how is it similar

A

Differences: more branched and available to enzymes

Similarities: branched chain

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13
Q

What are the three precursors for gluconeogenesis
What else can be used to create glucose

A
  • propinoate
  • lactate
  • amino acids into proteins
    The liver can also do glycogenolysis
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14
Q

How does the liver use its stored glucose
What kind of animal is this for

A

It uses its stored glucose for…
1. Glycogen synthesis
2. Fatty acids synthesis

Non-ruminants only

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15
Q

How is the liver associated with fat metabolism

A
  • fatty acids are synthesized in the liver (non-ruminants)
  • fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissue (which are processed in the liver)
  • ketone bodies are produced in the liver
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16
Q

How do we carry lipids around the body (what do we use)

A

VLDL

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17
Q

What are two ways that fat gets transferred around the body

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Through cylomicrons
  2. by the liver with VLDL
18
Q

What is in VLDL, how are they similar to chylomicrons

Study These Flashcards
A

It contains, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoproteins

They contain similar sunstances as chylomicrons (chylomicrons just don’t have apoproteins)

19
Q

How is the livers metabolism of protein important in detoxification
(What is the example that was discussed in class)

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A

It gets rid of proteins and makes sure that we don’t have to many specific amino acids (detoxifying) pro

Eg: phenylketonuria (PKU)

20
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU), what is it caused by

Is it genetic

Study These Flashcards
A

Too much Phenylalanine = toxic to the brain

Caused by a lack of enzyme that converts phe to tyr

—) can result in brain damage

Yes it is a genetic thing

21
Q

Can people live with PKU

Study These Flashcards
A

Yes they just have to eat a very specific diet

22
Q

What does the liver do with ammonia

Study These Flashcards
A

It takes ammonia and converts it into urea

23
Q

What does the liver do in reguards to amino acids (what kind does it make)
Give examples

Study These Flashcards
A

Makes essential amino acids
Tyr from phe
Cys form met
Glu from Gln

Can also use the CAC (TCA) cycle

24
Q

What does the liver synthesize

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Albumin (70% of protein in blood)
  2. Clotting factors
  3. Transport proteins
  4. Immunologic proteins (flags bacteria (compliments) opsinization) & cytokines and acute faced proteins
  5. Bile salts
25
Why do you get bloated if you have a less functional liver
It doesn’t produce enough albumin to keep water in your blood stream
26
What are all of the ways that the liver is involved in protein metabolism
1. Produces albumin 2. Transports FFA’s (NEFA’s) and some drugs & hormones 3. Balances colloid osmotic pressure (edema) 4. Fibrinogen, prothrombin, and blood clotting 5. Transferring (iron transport)
27
How is the liver involved in protection
1. Prevent bacteremia with kuppfer cells (giant macrophages) 2. Breakdown toxins and hormones 3. Prevents hormone toxicity (breaks down estrogen) prevents estrogenic effects in males
28
What do you call the drugs and things that are foreign to the body
Xenobiotics
29
What is the goal of the liver with xenobiotics
To make them hydrophilic so the kidney can get rid of them And to prevent reabsorption
30
Why would we purposely inhibit the liver from changing xenobiotics
If we are using antibiotics we want them to stay in the body so that they can do their job
31
What substances can not be cleared by the kidneys What are these usually How are they excreted Give and endogenous and an exogenous example of these compounds
Ones that are bound to proteins Lipid soluble substances Excreted in bile by the liver Endogenous: bilirubin Exogenous: antibiotics
32
What happens when the liver is damaged What do we call scar tissue in the liver
- Stellate cells produce fibrous scar tissue to wall off damaged areas - a lot of fibrous scarring = sclerosis or cirrhosis
33
What is often associated with a poorly functioning liver What causes this What do you call liver cells
Jaundice Bilirubin is no being secreted Hypatocytes
34
What are the three causes of not secreting bilirubin (jaundice)
- haemolytic (lysis of RBC’s) —) liver is still healthy - hepatic (liver is damaged) - post hepatic (after liver) Eg: blocked bile duct
35
Are all hypatocytes the same, explain
No they differ Some need more oxygen which are located closer to the peri portal which is closer to the artery Some do not need as much oxygen which are located closer to the peri venous
36
Describe splanchnic circulation
The first place that everything goes to is the liver through a portal vein The liver also has an artery to deliver oxygen to it
37
What is in the hepatic triad
1. Hepatic artery 2. Portal vein 3. Bile duct (transports bile out of the liver) through bile calliculi
38
What are canaliculi
- canals that join bile ducts - they have sinusoids where blood flows
39
What is the space of dis What is another name for it
It is ja space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes where things can flow through and interact with hepatocytes It is also called the peri sinusoidal space
40
Describe sinusoids and what are found in them
They wave back and forth —) are not straight lines They have kupffer cells which catch bacteria, RBC’s and immune compromised cells

ANSC 311 (7 decks)

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