Liver And Pancreas

Question 1

What percentage of BW is a normal dog liver?

Answer 1

3%

Question 2

What species normally has fibrous tissue outline liver lobes?

Answer 2

Pigs

Question 3

Why are centrolobular hepatocytes most vulnerable to decreases in blood oxygen?

Answer 3

They receive blood last in hepatic blood flow, so a small decrease in oxygen can result in hypoxia

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of liver disease?

Answer 4

Bleeding
Jaundice
Ascites
Neuro issues 
Slow recovery from anesthesia
Photosensitization

Question 5

What causes hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 5

Increased production (hemolysis, congenital defect)
Decreased excretion (hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis)

Question 6

What are some things that cause intravascular hemolysis?

Answer 6

Lepto
Babesia
Acetaminophen
Snake venom

Question 7

What are some things that cause extravascular hemolysis?

Answer 7

Cytauxzoon
Mycoplasma
IMHA
Neoplasia

Question 8

What are alcoholic feces?

Answer 8

White feces caused by biliary obstruction

Question 9

What are causes of extrahepatic cholestasis?

Answer 9

Choleliths
Cholecystitis
Biliary neoplasia
Mucocele

Question 10

Why does pancreatitis cause cholestasis?

Answer 10

Inflammation in pancreas causes obstruction

Question 11

What might be a cause of a severely enlarge bile duct?

Answer 11

Pancreatic neoplasia

Question 12

T/F? Cystic mucosal hyperplasia in gall bladder is an incidental finding

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Polycystic kidney disease is common in what type of animals?

Answer 13

Short-faced cats

Question 14

What causes “nutmeg liver”?

Answer 14

Fibrosis caused by chronic passive congestion

Question 15

A liver from an animal with HCM may have what characteristic?

Answer 15

Eccentuated reticular pattern

Question 16

Why is infarction uncommon in the liver?

Answer 16

Dual blood supply

Question 17

What are the two types of portosystemic shunts?

Answer 17

Intrahepatic and extrahepatic

Question 18

Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are most commonly found in what animals?

Answer 18

Large breed dogs

Failure of ductus venous to close

Question 19

Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts are usually found in what animals?

Answer 19

Small breed dogs

Question 20

What are common manifestation of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts?

Answer 20

Portal vein to azygous
Portal vein to vena cava
Gastric vein to vena cava
Atresia of portal vein

Question 21

What are the clinical signs associated with portosystemic shunts?

Answer 21

Depression, anorexia, vomiting, CNS signs

Decreased BUN, elevated ammonia

Question 22

How do you treat a portosystemic shunt?

Answer 22

Don’t ligate! (Will cause portal hypertension)

Sx- ameroid constrictor that slowly squeezes vessel shut

Question 23

What causes microhepatica?

Answer 23

Congenital

Shuts

Question 24

What causes an acquired portosystemic shunt?

Answer 24

Chronic hepatic injury with diffuse fibrosis
Ascites

Usually characterized by multiple small vessels

Question 25

What is telangiectasis?

Answer 25

Dilation of sinusoids where hepatocytes are lost

Question 26

T/F? Steroid hepatopathy is an incidental finding

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What causes physiologic hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 27

Late pregnancy | Lactation

Question 28

What causes pathologic hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 28

``` Increased synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides Increased lipolysis and uptake of FFA Decreased fatty acid oxidation Decreased apoprotein synthesis Decreased lipoprotein excretion ```

Question 29

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 29

Fibrosis and nodular regeneration

Question 30

What are some causes of cirrhosis?

Answer 30

CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE- chronic anticonvulsant use, NSAIDs, CCl4, infectious canine hepatitis

Question 31

What causes random hepatic lesions?

Answer 31

Anything spread by bloodstream

Question 32

What causes centrolobular hepatic lesions?

Answer 32

Toxins, HW, hypoxia

Question 33

What causes midzonal hepatic lesions?

Answer 33

Steroid hepatopathy

Question 34

What causes periportal hepatic lesions?

Answer 34

PA (horses)

Question 35

What causes massive hepatic lesions?

Answer 35

Theiler's disease (horses) | Blue-green algae (dogs)

Question 36

What things might cause white nodules on liver?

Answer 36

Necrobacillosis | Tuberculosis

Question 37

If an animal has many tiny areas of inflammation on liver and kidney, what would you suspect?

Answer 37

Lepto

Question 38

If a dog has corneal edema and speculation indentation of liver, what would you suspect?

Answer 38

Infectious canine adenovirus 1

Question 39

If a cat has high globulins on bloodwork and then white/tan foci on liver and spleen, and fluid in abdomen, what would you suspect?

Answer 39

FIP

Question 40

What type of toxins produce consistent hepatotoxicity?

Answer 40

Intrinsic toxins | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins

Question 41

What kind of toxins produce sporadic hepatotoxicity??

Answer 41

Idiosyncratic toxins | NSAIDs, anesthetics, anticonvulsants

Question 42

What is biotransformation?

Answer 42

Toxins being processed by liver | May actually activate some toxins (bioactivation)

Question 43

What does a liver with PA toxicity look like?

Answer 43

Green Fibrotic Biliary hyperplasia

Question 44

What breeds are predisposed to copper toxicosis?

Answer 44

Bedlington Terriers

Question 45

What would you suspect in a sheep with "gun metal gray" kidneys and hemoglobinuria?

Answer 45

Copper toxicosis

Question 46

Epithelial cell cancer?

Answer 46

Carcinomas

Question 47

Mesenchymal cell cancer?

Answer 47

Sarcomas

Question 48

A hepatic mass with distinct borders from tissue and umbilication is probably what?

Answer 48

Biliary carcinoma

Question 49

Dark red, blood-filled masses are most likely what?

Answer 49

Hemangiosarcomas

Question 50

What is tension lipidosis?

Answer 50

An incidental finding where liver attaches to diaphragm and produces tension Part of liver will be normal, and the part that attaches to diaphragm will be paler

Question 51

What causes capsular fibrosis "milk spot liver"?

Answer 51

Ascarid migration | Liver will be condemned for human consumption