Liver and Pancreas

Question 1

what does the main pancreatic duct contain?

Answer 1

digestive enzymes

Question 2

where does the common bile duct come from?

Answer 2

gall bladder

Question 3

what does the exocrine part of the pancreas look like?

Answer 3

the parotid gland

Question 4

how are digestive enzymes packaged?

Answer 4

into vesicles and secreted into the lumen of the acinus

Question 5

what are digestive enzymes secreted as and why?

Answer 5

proenzymes called zymogens that are inactive, and so they don’t digest the cells that are producing them

Question 6

what is the structure of the acinus duct

Answer 6

centre lined with centroacinar cells

duct contains intercalated and columnar cells which make up the excretory duct

Question 7

what do centroacinar cells secrete

Answer 7

bicarbonate ions

Question 8

how are the pancreas and salivary different

Answer 8

pancreas has centroacinar cells and no striated cells, salivary gland has lots of striated ducts and no centroacinar cells

Question 9

what are the three main blood vessels that supply the liver?

Answer 9

Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein

Question 10

what is the function of the hepatic artery

Answer 10

brings oxygenated blood

Question 11

what is the function of the hepatic vein

Answer 11

products leave the liver

Question 12

what is the function of the hepatic portal vein

Answer 12

brings in products of digestion

Question 13

how many lobules in liver and what is their shape

Answer 13

1 million

hexagonal

Question 14

structure of lobule

Answer 14

CT between lobules
central vein running through centre
triad - HA, HPV and bile duct

Question 15

which way does the blood flow in the hepatic artery

Answer 15

towards central vein, which eventually coalesces to form hepatic vein

Question 16

what direction does bile go in lobule

Answer 16

opp to blood

towards bile duct, formed by hepatocytes

Question 17

how are hepatocytes arranged

Answer 17

arranged in rows with sinusoids orientated around the central vein so passage of blood goes towards it

Question 18

what lines the sinusoids

Answer 18

epithelial cells

Question 19

how are endothelial cells arranged

Answer 19

discontinuous - to allow communication between blood and hepatocytes

Question 20

what are kuppfer cells and where are they located

Answer 20

phagocytic cells
sit between endothelial cells and hepatocytes
or in lumen of sinusoids

Question 21

what is the space of disse

Answer 21

space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes

Question 22

what does space of disse do

Answer 22

sepeartes hepatocytes from sinusoids

Question 23

what does the space of disse contain

Answer 23

blood plasma
microvilli of hepatocytes
hepatic stellate cells

Question 24

what do hepatic stellate cells do

Answer 24

store vitamin A in lipid droplets

Question 25

what happens to hepatic stellate cells when exposed to certain external factors

Answer 25

change cell type to myofibroblasts fibroblasts secrete lots of collagen creates barrier to blood flow - hepatocytes start to die

Question 26

what di hepatocytes release?

Answer 26

albumin, plasma proteins and clotting factors

Question 27

what is hepatocyte cytoplasm full of

Answer 27

organelles as high biosynthetic and degradative activity

Question 28

how does bile leave the hepatocyte

Answer 28

down bile canaliculi which are small channels between hepatocytes

Question 29

what are bile salts ssynthesised from

Answer 29

cholesterol

Question 30

How do bile salts work

Answer 30

emulsify fats and act as a detergent, help fats mix with aqueous env as enzymes that process them are water sol

Question 31

what bile pigments are there and where do they come from

Answer 31

bilirubin and biliverdin | from breakdown of Hb

Question 32

what can cause centrilobular necrosis

Answer 32

if blood contains phosphorus

Question 33

what does the gall bladder do

Answer 33

stores and concentrates bile

Question 34

capcity of gall bladder

Answer 34

50 ml bile

Question 35

what pumps does the gall bladder have and how do they work?

Answer 35

Na/K ATPase pump, pumps ions on basal and lateral membrane and water follows

Question 36

how does the gall bladder release its contents

Answer 36

STIMULATED BY CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE LAYER STIMULATED BY THE PEPTIDE CALLED CHOLECYSTOKININ

Question 37

where is cholecystokinin released from

Answer 37

duodenal cells in response to acidic contents of emptying stomach

Question 38

what are the action of CCK

Answer 38

inhibits gastric emptying by acting on the stomach and pylorus

Question 39

what is the epitithelium in the gall bladder like and why

Answer 39

tall, simple columnar with irregular brush border | increases SA for ion transport across epithelium