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NSG 470 - Exam 4 > Liver Disorders > Flashcards

Liver Disorders Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

what is the A/P of the liver? (location, func)

A

largest gland of the body

Right Upper Quad (RUQ)

very vascular

received blood from nutrient rich blood from GI tract via portal vein and O2 rich blood from hepatic artery

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2
Q

what are functions of the liver?

A

glucose metabolism + regulation
ammonia conversion –> urea
protein metabolism (albumin, globulins, clotting factors, lipoproteins) –> vit K needed to make prothrombin + other clotting factors
fat metabolism –> breaks down fatty acids for energy
vitamin/iron storage (A, B, D)
bile formation (water, electrolytes, bicarb, lecithin, fatty acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, bile salts)
bilirubin excretion –> gall bladder –> intestine
drug metabolism (first pass effect)

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3
Q

what important labs refer to the liver?

A

AST, ALT, GGT, LDH (ALT> AST - liver, AST>ALT - myocardial necrosis
protein/albumin
bilirubin
clotting factors (PT/INR, plts)
alkaline phosphatase (Alk phos, ALP, AP)
ammonia
lipids

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4
Q

what is the normal AST levels?

A

8 - 48

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5
Q

what is the normal ALT levels?

A

7 - 55

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6
Q

what is the normal ALP levels?

A

45 - 115

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7
Q

what is the normal bilirubin levels?

A

0.1 - 1.2

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8
Q

what is the normal total protein levels?

A

6.3 - 7.9

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9
Q

what is the normal albumin levels?

A

3.5 - 5.0

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10
Q

what are transaminases?

A

indicators of liver cells injury (detects hepatitis)

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11
Q

what do ALT levels indicate?

A

increased in liver disorders; used to monitor course of hepatitis, cirrhosis + effects of tx that are liver toxic

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12
Q

what do AST levels indicate?

A

not specific to liver diseases

may be inc in cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer

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13
Q

what do GGT levels indicate?

A

assoc w/ cholestasis; alcoholic liver disease

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14
Q

what are the liver diagnostics?

A

ultrasound
CT
MRI
ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
Transient Liver Elastography – degree of cirrhosis (firm liver) - Stiffness of liver tissue
Liver biopsy

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15
Q

what health hx questions are asked?

A

if any exposure to hepatotoxic substances?
infections?
travel or substance abuse?
meds? inc OTC supplements?
family liver dx?

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16
Q

what are the manifestations of liver disease?

A

Cognitive changes
Altered sleep/wake pattern, irritability
Gastroesophageal bleeding–hematemesis, melena
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Jaundice
Petechiae, ecchymosis, nosebleeds
Palmar erythema
Spider
Dependent peripheral edema of extremities and sacrum
Asterixis –> coarse tremor characterized by rapid, nonrhythmic extension and flexion of the wrists and fingers
Fetor hepaticus (fruity or musty odor, possibly stool smell)

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17
Q

what are the hepatic dysfunction disorders?

A

fatty liver disease = (Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH))

infection = hepatitis

liver cirrhosis = compensated, decompensated

liver failure = acute or end stage LD

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18
Q

what are the complications of hepatic dysfunction?

A

jaundice
ascites
portal htn
hepatic encephalopathy/coma
varices
nutritional deficiencies

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19
Q

what is jaundice?

A

Yellow or greenish-yellow sclera and skin
Bilirubin level > 2 mg/dL
Types: Hemolytic, Hepatocellular, obstructive (Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia)

Hepatocellular + Obstructive are most associated with liver disease

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20
Q

what is hepatocellular jaundice?

A

damaged liver cells from infection, excessive alcohol use (cirrhosis), prolonged obstructive jaundice

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21
Q

what is obstructive jaundice?

A

extra-hepatic (gall stone, inflammatory process, tumor) or intra-hepatic (stasis, thickening of bile in canaliculi)

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22
Q

what is hemolytic jaundice?

A

due to RBC breakdown

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23
Q

what are the s/s of hepatocellular jaundice?

A

Mild or severely ill
Lack of appetite, nausea or vomiting, weight loss
Malaise, fatigue, weakness
Headache, chills, fever, infection

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24
Q

what are the s/s of obstructive jaundice?

A

Dark orange-brown urine, **clay-colored stools
Indigestion and intolerance of fats, impaired digestion
Pruritus
Skin excoriation from scratching

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25
what is portal htn?
Obstructed blood flow through the liver results in increased pressure throughout the portal venous system results = ascited + esophageal/gastric varices
26
what is ascites?
portal htn --> inc cap refill --> obstruction of venous blood flow through damaged liver dec serum osmotic pressure w/ movement of albumin + fluid from intravascular space to extravascular space including peritoneal cav --> peripheral edema + ascites *can also occur from cancer, kidney disease + HF
27
how do you assess for ascites?
record abdominal girth/weight DAILY striae, distended veins, umbilical hernia assess abdominal cavity for fluid; dyspnea, abdominal discomfort monitor for potential fluid/electrolytes imbalances (sodium, potassium, renal function)
28
what is the treatment for ascites?
low sodium diet, fluid restriction diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide) bedrest paracentesis admin of salt - poor albumin transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) other methods: peritoneal drains
29
what is spironolactone?
potassium-sparing diuretic blocks activity of aldosterone --> can secrete sodium + fluid --> dec overall fluid vol dose: 50 mg - 400 mg
30
what are the side effects of spironolactone?
mild: hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, abd pain, N/V, fatigue, leg cramps, dizziness/lightheadedness, male gynecomastia serious: hyperkalemia, Hypotension, Decreased kidney function, Anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TENs)
31
what are esophageal varices?
inc occurrence as liver disease progresses dilated, tortuous veins of the esophagus + stomach that dev due to portal htn and obstruction of portal venous circulation manifest: GI bleeding, hematemesis, melena, hemorrhagic shock
32
how to prevent esophageal varices?
pt w/ cirrhosis should undergo screening endoscopy q 2-3 yrs to monitor for varices
33
what is the treatment for bleeding esophageal varices?
ICU mgmt tx hemorrhagic shock (ABCs) O2, airway, possible mechanical vent IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, volume expanders, blood prods vasopressin, somatostatin, octreotide nitroglycerin in combo w/ vasopressin to red coronary vasoconstriction propranolol + nadolol (dec portal pressure) balloon tamponade, saline lavage
34
what are the surgical mgmt of varices?
Endoscopic sclerotherapy Endoscopic variceal ligation (esophageal banding therapy) Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) Surgical management (Surgical bypass procedures, Devascularization and transection)
35
what is hepatic encephalopathy?
life-threatening 2 abnorms: hepatic insufficiency (inability of liver to detox toxic by products of metabolism portosystemic shunting (collateral vessels dev allowing elements of the portal blood to enter systemic circulation accumulation of ammonia levels in blood (mental status change + motor disturbances
36
how to assess encephalopathy?
EEG Changes in LOC and motor function Potential seizures Fetor hepaticus, asterixis Monitor fluid, electrolyte, and ammonia levels Stages: 1-4
37
stage 1 encephalopathy s/s
norm LOC w/ periods of lethargy + euphoria; reversal of day-night patterns impaired writing and ability to draw line figures, norm EEG
38
stage 2 encephalopathy s/s
inc drowsiness; disorientation; inappropriate behavior, mood swings; agitation asterixis, fetor hepaticus abnorm EEG w/ generalized slowing
39
stage 3 encephalopathy s/s
stuporous; diff to rouse, sleeps most of time; marked confusion; incoherent speech asterixis, inc DTR, rigid of extremities, EEG abnorm
40
stage 4 encephalopathy s/s
comatose; may not respond to painful stimuli absence of asterixis + DTR; flaccid extremities, EEG marked abnormally
41
what is the medical mgmt of hepatic encephalopathy?
reduce protein reduce ammonia from systemic circulation/GI tract by gastric suction, lactulose, enema, oral antibiotics discont sedatives, analgesics, tranquilizers; and other meds that can affect liver function
42
what is fatty liver disease?
accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes NASH more serious than NAFLD (damaged fibrotic changes in liver --> cirrhosis) both assoc w/ obesity combination of obesity + heavy drinking (severe liver damage) - can take 20-30 yrs to dev into ESLD
43
what is viral hepatitis?
Viral hepatitis: most common causes necrosis and inflammation of liver cells leading to liver enlargement and obstruction of blood flow to liver Hep A, B, C, D, E, G
44
what is nonviral hepatitis?
toxic + drug induced alcohol, hepatotoxic chemicals, medications, botanical agents (Acetaminophen, mushrooms, carbon tetrachloride) Anorexia, N/V, jaundice, hepatomegaly, bleeding, chills, fever, rash, pruritis Recovery unlikely if prolonged period b/t exposure and symptoms
45
type A hepatitis
source: feces transmission: feces-oral chronic: no prevention: pre/post immunization
46
type B hepatitis
source: blood/blood-derived body fluids transmission: percutaneous permucosal chronic: yes prevention:pre/post immunization
47
type C hepatitis
source: blood/blood-derived body fluids transmission: percutaneous permucosal chronic: yes prevention: pre/post immunization; blood donor screening; risk behavior modification
48
type D hepatitis
source: blood/blood-derived body fluids transmission: percutaneous permucosal chronic: yes prevention: pre/post immunization; risk behavior modification
48
type D hepatitis
source: blood/blood-derived body fluids transmission: percutaneous permucosal chronic: yes prevention: pre/post immunization; risk behavior modification
49
type E hepatitis
source: feces transmission: fecal-oral chronic: no prevention: ensure safe drinking water
50
what are common findings in hepatitis?
hx: exposure to infected blood, stool or body fluid flu-like symptoms: fatigue, dec appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, joint pain physical: fever, vomiting, dark colored urine, clay colored stool, jaundice
51
hepatitis A (HAV)
poor hand hygiene/sanitation (fecal-oral) = contaminated food/water, contact w/ stool anti-HAV = hep A infection s/s: fatigue, mild flu-like symptoms, low-grade fever, anorexia, later jaundice and dark urine, indigestion and epigastric distress, enlargement of liver and spleen tx: bedrest (acute), supportive care
52
what is prevention + mgmt of HAV?
hepatitis A immunization immune globulin good handwashing, safe water, proper sewage disposal
53
hepatitis B (HBV)
transmission: blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion (sexually), infant @ birth major cause of cirrhosis/liver cancer risk factors: Unprotected sex, Infant born to infected mother, Contact with infected blood/body fluids (HCWs), Substance use disorder (injectable substances), Tattoos, Travel, Hemodialysis, Institutions (correctional facilities, LTC) manifest: insidious and variable; similar to HAV, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, generalized aching, malaise, and weakness, +/- Jaundice (light colored stools, dark urine)
54
what is mgmt of HBV?
Acute infection: No meds; supportive care Chronic infection: unable to clear virus (Antivirals: tenofovir, adefovir dipivoxil, interferon alfa‑2b, peginterferon alfa‑2a, lamivudine, entecavir, and telbivudine) Bedrest and nutritional support
55
hepatitis C (HCV)
Transmission: blood Cause of 1/3 cases of liver cancer and most common reason for liver transplant Risk factors: same as HBV Symptoms are usually mild if at all Chronic carrier state frequently occurs
56
what is the mgmt of HCV?
No benefit to rest, vitamins, diet Direct Acting Antivirals (DAA): Protease inhibitors for HCV Can be undetectable and cured after 8-12 weeks of completed Tx (simeprevir, sofosbravir, paritaprevir, glecaprevir, grazoprevir) Alcohol potentiates disease; meds that effect the liver should be avoided
57
hepatitis D (HDV)
Only persons with hepatitis B are @ risk (Co-Infection) Blood + sexual contact transmission, injection drugs, hemodialysis, and recipients of multiple blood transfusions S/S similar to HBV, more likely to develop acute, fulminant liver failure or chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis High dose Interferon alfa x at least 1 year
58
hepatitis E (HEV)
Transmitted by fecal–oral route, contaminated water Resembles hepatitis A; self-limiting, abrupt onset, not chronic No treatment except supportive care
59
what is hepatic cirrhosis
Alcoholic: scar tissue surrounds the portal areas, most common Post-necrotic: broad bands of scar tissue Biliary: scarring occurs in the liver around the bile ducts, d/t chronic biliary obstruction patho: replacement of normal liver tissue w/diffuse fibrosis Manifestations: liver enlargement, portal obstruction, ascites, infection/peritonitis, varices, edema, vitamin deficiency, anemia, mental deterioration
60
what are s/s of compensated cirrhosis?
ab pain, ankle edema, firm + enlarged liver, flatulent dyspepsia, intermittent mild fever, palmar erythema, splenomegaly, unexplaied epistaxis, vague morning indigestion, vascular spirers
61
liver cancers
primary liver tumors = assoc w/ hep B + C, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) liver metastasis = lung, breast, GI, tumor cells seed in liver thru circulation/lymphatics
62
how to manage liver cancer?
surgery (lobectomy, liver transplant) chemotherapy percutaneous biliary drainage cryoablation radiofreq ablation chemoembolization arterial embolization
63
what is acute liver failure?
Severe acute liver injury w/ encephalopathy and impaired PT/ INR of ≥1.5 in a patient without cirrhosis or preexisting liver disease Viral/drug-induced hepatitis most common causes S/S: = more severe b/c acute failure. Hepatic encephalopathy symptoms. Hepatic encephalopathy + ALF ->high risk of life-threatening cerebral edema
64
what is the tx for acute liver failure?
ICU, ABCs, mechanical ventilation, Tx underlying cause, potential liver transplant Correct abnormal levels (coagulation, ammonia, electrolytes, mannitol if cerebral edema (ICP monitoring), sedation, plasmapheresis Acetaminophen --> N-Acetylcysteine Mushrooms --> Penicillin, Activated charcoal
65
causes of acute liver failure (ABCs)
A - acetaminophen, hep A, autoimmune hep, adenovirus, mushroom poisoning B - hep B, budd-chiari syndrome C - cryptogenic, hep C, CMV D - hep D, drugs, toxins E - hep E, EBV F - fatty infiltration (acute fatty liver of preg, Reye's syndrome) G - genetics, wilsons disease H - hypoperfusion (ischemic hepatitis, SOS, sepsis) HELLP, HSV, heat stroke, hepatoectomy, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis I - infiltration by tumor
66
drugs assoc w/ acute liver failure
acetaminophen, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, cocaine, halothane, He Shou Wu, hebalife, hydroxycut, kava, Ma HUang, MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine, NSAIDs, poison mushrooms
67
liver transplant
Stringent criteria if have primary liver cancer—small, early lesions (1 x < 5cm or 3 x < 3cm) End-Stage Liver Disease (ESLD)—whole liver from deceased donor or partial liver (right lobe) from live donor Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Everolimus, Mycophenolate - Corticosteroids used only when needed ex. induction immunosuppression or signs of rejection Graft vs Host Disease—rejecting liver
68
education and intervention for liver disease
viral hep: approp contact precautions, avoid sex until neg hep AB tes, proper hand hygiene, refer to substance abuse, avoid alc, needle/syringe program resp: comfort measures, sit in case or elev bed to 30, O2, cough, deep breath skin: reposition q 2 hrs, mon for skin breakdwon, gentle skincare, avoid soap, lotion, assess for excoriations, bruising/petechiae, jaundice nutrition: high carb, high cal, mod fat, low sodium, small freq meals fluids: mon for ab distention, peripheral edema activity: bedrest during acute illness, planned exercise + rest pd (slow + gradual) neuro: mon for asterixis + fetor hepaticus, lactulose if inc ammonia GI: observe for bleeding, pain mgmt

NSG 470 - Exam 4 (4 decks)

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