Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histo Exam 3 > Liver/Gallbladder/Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver/Gallbladder/Pancreas Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 6 main functions of bile?

A 
gluconeogenesis
detoxification
storage
plasma protein production
bile producion
transfer of IgA into bile canaliculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in gluconeogenesis, what do you convert into glucose? (per Dr. Turek)

A

amino acids and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in liver detox, what types of enzymes catalyze methylation, oxidation or conjugation of drugs/toxins/chemicals?

A

a system of microsomal mixed-function oxidase enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what ends up getting stored in the liver?

A

glycogen, triglycerides, & vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what types of plasma proteins are produced from the liver?

A

fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, urea (which isn’t actually a protein), and acute phase proteins (proteins that increase in level during inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plasma proteins produced from the liver are (endocrine/exocrine) type secretions

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the production of bile from the liver is an example of (endocrine/exocrine) secretion from the (rER/sER/Golgi)

A

exocrin

sER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Afferent vessels to the liver include

A

hepatic artery (20-30%) & portal vein (70-80%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the efferent vessel of the hepatocyte?

A

central vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Glisson’s capsule and what is its function?

A

it’s a fibroconnective tissue capsule that subdivides the liver into lobes and lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

liver is composed of parenchymal cells also called _______ that are arranged in anastamosing & branching plates

A

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hepatocytes have what abundant structures? (7)

A 
rER
sER
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
glycogen deposits
lipid droplets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hepatocytes are arranged in a _________ arrangement around a ________ ____

A

hexagonal arrangement

central vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hepatocytes can be (uni/bi/multi)nucleated with large nuclei

A

binucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hepatocyte nuclei normally (haploid/diploid) - but also some are (haploid/diploid/polyploid)

A

diploid, but also some are polyploid with several times the normal DNA amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

iver cells (will/won’t) divide if part of the liver is removed

A

will divide if part is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what key landmark of the liver is located around the lobules of liver?

A

portal canals/portal triads/portal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what vessels are present in the portal canal?

A

branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, & bile duct

lymph is only sometimes present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood from vessels in the portal areas flow into what and empty into what?

A

flow in liver sinusoids and empty into central vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sinusoids have (continuous/fenestrated/discontinuous) endothelial lined spaces located (in-between/within) plates of hepatocytes

A

sinusoids have discontinuous endothelial lined spaces located in-between plates of hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

liver sinusoid endothelial cells have large _____

A

fenestrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where would Kuppfer cells be located and what are they?

A

sinusoids contain many Kupffer cells (phagocytic cells i monocyte lineage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the space of Disse

A

subendothelial space between hepatocytes & sinusoid epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a portal lobule is centered around what 3 adjacent structures?
this triangular area defines the flow of what

A

defined by 3 adjacent central veins

triangular area defines the flow of bile into bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what the heck is the hepatic acinus of Rappaport
area centered around 2 adjacent central veins defines metabolic gradient (remember Zones 1-3) Zone 1 has most oxidative functions Zone 2 intermediate Zone 3 low O2 area, detox role, susceptible to hypoxia
26
what are intralobular cholangioles
intralobular cholangioles transport bile from portal lobules to bile ductules (of Hering) which go to Bile ducts
27
function of space of Disse?
functions in exchange of materials between the bloodstream and hepatocytes
28
what types of fibers and what types of cells does the space of Disse contain?
contains reticular fibers and possibly fat-storing cells (hepatic stellate cells/cells of Ito)
29
what is the role of hepatic stellate cells?
important for vit A storage/metabolism | produces collagen during disease (e.g. cirrhosis) in response to cytokines from Kupffer cells
30
bile flows in the (opposite/same) directino as blood
bile flows in opposite direction as blood
31
bile is an (exocrine/endocrine) secretion from hepatocytes
bile is an exocrine secretion
32
where are bile canaliculi
intercellular spaces between hepatocytes that receive bile -> travel towards portal lobules
33
general pathway of bile flow
hepatocytes > bile canaliculi > canals of Hering (small bile ductules) > bile ducts in portal areas > hepatic ducts > common hepatic duct > cystic duct > gallbladder
34
bile functions
excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes absorption of ft & fat soluble vitamins in intestine IgA transport to intestine excretion of drugs and heavy metals
35
where are bile acids resorbed? where do they go from there?
ileum; venous blood from ileum goes to portal vein & liver sinusoids and get picked up by hepatocytes => resecreted into canaliculi
36
where are IgA antibodies made and where do they get complexed?
plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa make IgA > enters circulatory to go to liver > gets complexed with secretory components > secreted to bile (towards intestines)
37
bile canaliculi are rich in what type of activity
ATPase activity
38
what are: MDR MOAT BAT
multidrug resistance transporters multispecific organ anionic transporter biliary acid transporter ATP- dependent pumps that pump bile into the bile canaliculus
39
genetic defect in MDR2 would cause
focal hepatic necrosis & bile ductule proliferation
40
describe a method in which heme is excreted
splenic macrophages degrade RBCs heme from RBCs converted to bilirubin -> blood conjugated in blood with albumin (water soluble) to get to liver > in liver enters hepatocytes complexed to ligandin > (free bilirubin) in cytosol > conjugated bilirubin = glucuronic acid+free bilirubin > bile
41
hepatitis
inflammmation of the liver | can be caused by viruses or toxic materials
42
routes of hepatitis viruses
hep A - fecal/oral route hep B - serum hepatitis through blood & blood products hep C - also tansfusion related
43
cirrhosis
degeneration & fibrosis of damaged hepatocytes caused by poisoning, chronic alcohol use or bile duct obstruction; long term ETOH use => fatty liver
44
what is steatosis
another name for fatty liver, associated with cirrhosis
45
jaundice
excess bilirubin in blood, bile pigment in skin & sclera of eye (so yellowing of eyes & skin) cause: liver dysfunction - obsructed bile passages, excess RBC destruction (hemolytic jaundice)
46
congestive heart failure
increased central venous pressure causes liver to engorge with blood (hepatomegaly)
47
obstructed blood flow (often associated with cirrhosis). leads to fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity (ascites)
portal hypertension
48
what frequently obstructs bile outflow from liver?
pancreatic carcinoma
49
what type of bilirubin is toxic to brain
free bilirubin
50
what is another way you can get hyperbilirubinemia
hemolytic disease such as erythroblastosis fetalis (blood group incompatibility between mom & fetus)
51
relevant to the liver, how is alcohol metabolized?
alcohol dehyrdogenase or mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system
52
alchohol dehydrgonase breaks down alcohol into what products (2)?
acetaldehyde & excess H+
53
mixed-function oxidase systems break down alcohol into what products (2)? what can one of these products induce?
acetaladehyde & reactive oxygen products | ROS can cause lipid peroxidation
54
gallbladder functions in response to what hormone
cholecystokinin
55
gallbladder mucosa is lined by what type of cells
simple columnar epithelium with numerous microvilli on apical surface
56
below the gallbladder's epithelium is a lamina propria. this lamina propria has what type of connective tissue?
loose CT
57
the lamina propria of the gallbladder blends with what layer?
lamina propria blends with the "submucosa" | no true submucosa
58
what layer is below the blend of lamina propria and submucosa in the gallbladder?
muscularis externa made up of thin fascicles of smooth muscle fibers
59
key feature of the gall bladder?
diverticula of the epithelium = outpocketings of mucosa that form what appear to be epithelial lined cysts in the lamina propria
60
what is another name for the diverticula of the epithelium?
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
61
the layer of the gallbladder that is attached to the tissue is the _____ the rest of the gallbladder that isn't attached to the liver is instead covered by _____
adventitia | serosa
62
what is another name for biliary calculi
gallstones
63
``` gallstone concretions (compact mass formed by mineral precipitation) is usually composed of what where are they usually found? ```
cholesterol crystals or also from calcium salts of bile (calcium bilirubinate) found in gallbladder and bile duct
64
the pancreas is an (exocrine/endocrine) organ
the pancreas is both. HAH
65
how are the glands of the pancreas organized
gland enclosed in CT capsule that subdivides into lobules via septa
66
the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas is the (exocrine/endocrine) portion and it has many different cell types
endocrine
67
can you distinguish endocrine pancreas cell types with H&E? If not, then what would you use?
H&E doesn't work. use Mallory-Azan stain to differentiate the 3 cell types
68
Alpha cells produce? | how abundant are these cells?
glucagon | 15-20%
69
Beta cells produce? | how abundant are these cells?
insulin | 60-70%
70
Gamma cells produce? | how abundant are these cells?
they don't exist in the pancreas. so none
71
Delta cells produce?
somatostatin | ~5%
72
what is somatostatin's function
inhibits hormonal release by neighboring secretory cells
73
Epsilon cells produce?
produce ghrelin | <1%
74
what is the function of ghrelin?
stimulates appetite
75
PP cells (F cells) produce?
pancreatic polypeptide | ~10%
76
what is the function of pancreatic polypeptide/
inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions
77
what are the secretions of the exocrine pancreas which of these enzymes are secreted in response to cholecystokinin and which are secreted in a proenzyme form? (note: cholecystokinied is secreted by enteroendcrine cells)
``` * = in response to cholecystokinin; ` = proenzyme form amylase* lipase* ribonuclease* deoxyribonuclease* trypsin` chymotrypsin` carboxypeptidase` elastase` ```
78
what happens if instead of being activated in the intestine, the proenzymes were activated in the pancreas?
pancreatitis
79
intercalated duct cells secrete large quantities of what? | in response to what (which is produced by what?)?
intercalated duct cells secrete large quantities of enzyme poor alkaline fluid (bicarbonate) in response to secretin (produced by intesetinal enteroendocrine cells)
80
what's the duct system for the pancreas?
``` intercalated ducts (centroacinar cells) -> intralobar ducts (cuboidal epithelium) -> interlobular ducts (surrounded by lots of CT)-> main pancreatic duct ```
81
Type I diabetes mellitus is insulin (dependent/independent)
Type I diabetes is insulin dependent
82
Type I diabetes is characterized by
low levels of plasma insulin, polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (instatiable hunger)
83
Type II diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent and is characterized by
usually overweight individuals over 40 normal insulin levels or impaired insulin release, decreased insulin receptors, faulty post-receptor signaling
84
what is a significant component to insulin resistant diabetes?
muscle insulin resistance
85
what is HIS in relation to type 2 diabetes?
hepatic insulin resistance | due to faulty signaling through docking molecules that connects insulin to downstream cascades
86
pancreatitis | most frequent cause?
inflammation of pancreas | often due to gallstones
87
acute necrotizing pancreatitis
due to infection, gallstones, drugs, trauma | proenzymes may be activated - digest pancreatic tissues

Histo Exam 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions