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Y4 FA - Miscellaneous > Livestock Dermatology > Flashcards

Livestock Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

List the potential causes of skin disease in livestock

A
  • Infectious: Parasitic, Bacterial, Fungal, Viral
  • Neoplastic
  • Nutritional
  • Toxic
  • Physical
  • Congenital
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2
Q

Why is skin disease important in livestock?

A

Welfare and productivity - Loss of body condition etc
Indicate underlying conditions
Biosecurity
Hide damage
Zoonoses

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3
Q

Describe the steps in the approach to skin disease in livestock

A

Signalment & history
- Incidence & onset
- Location (soil type etc.)
- Animal(s) affected
Full clinical examination
- BCS
- TPR
- Rumination
- Lameness etc.
- Skin lesions & lymph nodes

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4
Q

How are dermatological conditions affected to systemic disease?

A

Dermatological signs may be manifestation of systemic disease
May be sign of underlying issue (nutritional deficiency, immunosuppression etc.) E.g. poor coat condition

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5
Q

Describe physical rub mark injuries in cattle and what they indicate

A
  • Part of accreditation schemes, milk buyer contracts etc.
  • Indicative of environment/ housing issues
  • Herd-prevalence & scoring – Pre- and post-interventions changes
  • Cubicle design and bedding: Hock, stifle, pelvic, spinal and neck lesions
  • Feed barrier: Neck rubbing- reduced DMI?
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6
Q

Describe score 0-3 for hock lesions in cattle

A

0 = no swelling, coat intact or slightly worn, no lesions
1 = no swelling or swelling less than 1cm, bald area, no lesions
2 = moderate swelling of 1-2.5cm and/or lesions in the bald area
3 = Major swelling, bald area and lesions

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7
Q

Which ectoparasites are indoor and which are outdoor?

A

Indoors = Lice, Mites
Outdoors = Flies, Ticks

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8
Q

What are the signs of lice infestations in livestock

A

Mainly on the back and neck
Often (but not always) pruritic
Patterned hair loss
- Head, neck, flanks & shoulders
- Hair loss seen where animals can rub – due to pruritis
- Predilection site varies by species
Lice and eggs identifiable macroscopically

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9
Q

Name the sucking lice of cattle

A

Linognathus vituli
Haematopinus eurysternus

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10
Q

Name the chewing lice of cattle

A

Bovicola bovis

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11
Q

Name some mite spp of cattle - state which are the most common and how mild/severe they are - in order

A

Chorioptes bovis - mild, common
Sarcoptes scabei (Zoonosis)
Psoroptes bovis
(Demodex bovis) - severe, rare

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12
Q

What are the signs of mites in cattle

A
  • Pruritis, rubbing & hair loss
  • Legs, feet, tail base, caudal surface of udder- Chorioptes & Psoroptes
  • Neck & face- Sarcoptes
  • Immune response to antigens
  • Primarily housed animals
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13
Q

How are mites diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis/ differentiation by skin scrapes

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14
Q

Describe how to perform skin scrapes for mite diagnosis

A

Edge of lesion
Clip hair & scrape until capillary ooze
Examine under low power (x100)
- Liquid paraffin
- Heating with 10% KOH (clearing agent)

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15
Q

Compare the morphology of chorioptes, psoroptes and Sarcoptes

A

Cup shaped pedicles, rounded mouthparts = chorioptes
Trumpet shaped pedicles and pointed mouth parts = psoroptes
Sarcoptes – short legs, live deeper in the skin, thumbprint

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16
Q

Describe the considerations of treatment for ectoparasites

A

Pediculosis & mange: Check underlying health status, management & husbandry
- Mild infestations may not warrant treatment.
- Often self limiting/ winter housing specific
- Check your diagnosis (especially if psoroptic mange suspected) – Treatments informed by clinical assessment
Check length of activity (varies considerably between products
Remember withhold periods and licencing (especially dairy cattle)

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17
Q

How are lice treated?

A

Synthetic pyrethroids
Macrocytic lactones
Injections more affective against sucking lice

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18
Q

Name the ringworm spp of cattle

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

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19
Q

How does ringworm in cattle present?

A

Common in housed youngstock - Environmental contamination
Circumscribed crusted plaques (~10cm)
- Can form large coalescing lesions
- May indicate malnourishment and/or immunosuppression (PIs)

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20
Q

How is ringworm in cattle diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation, signalment & history
T. verrucosum is not Wood’s lamp positive
Culture & microscopy: take hair pluck sample from edge of lesion

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21
Q

How is ringworm in cattle treated?

A
  • Clean and disinfect housing
  • Turn affected animals out: UV sensitive, Spontaneous resolution
  • Vaccine to reduce severity (prophylactic and therapeutic)
  • Manual bathing and crust removal: Chlorhexidine or Iodine solutions
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22
Q

What is the cause and signs of pustular impetigo?

A

Staphylococcal infections
Wounds
Udder & perineum
Poorly applied ear tags (remove and re-site)

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23
Q

Where are the common locations of abscesses in cattle?

A

Lower jaw and popliteal LNs +/- draining fistula

24
Q

‘Lumpy jaw’ is caused by?

A

Actinomyces bovis with underlying osteomyelitis

25
Q

‘Wooden tongue’ is caused by?

A

Actinobacillus ligniersii

26
Q

Name the causative agent of rain scald

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

27
Q

Describe the main features of rain scald and how to treat it

A
  • Associated with wet weather (skin microtrauma)
  • Prediliction site over the back
  • Soft scabby pustular lesions
  • Apply topical disinfectant
  • Treat with oxytetracycline/ penicillin
  • Move to dry environment
28
Q

Bovine ‘warts’ are known as?

A

Bovine viral papillomatosis

29
Q

Describe the main features of Bovine viral papillomatosis

A

Very common, generally self-limiting
Possibly spread by flies
May persist in immunocompromised animals (PIs)

30
Q

When is surgical removal of Bovine viral papillomatosis indicated?

A

Penile and teat warts

31
Q

Where does Bovine papular stomatitis occur in the body?

A

Muzzle and lips

32
Q

Where does Bovine herpes mamillitis occur in the body?

A

Teats and udder

33
Q

What are the DDx of ulceration of the mouth and nose?

A

Mucosal disease: PI with cytopathic BVDv
Malignant Catarrhal fever (MCF), IBR etc.

34
Q

How does foot and mouth disease present?

A

Pyrexia (>40oC), depression, lameness
Vesicles on muzzle, tongue, nostrils udder & feet

35
Q

How do trace element/ vitamin deficiencies cause skin problems?

A

Poor coat/ skin condition
Consider diet
Respond to multivitamin injections

36
Q

Poor growth rates and a brown tinged coat with spectacles is caused by?

A

Copper deficiency/ molybdenum toxicity

37
Q

Describe photosensitisation in cattle

A
  • Photodynamic agents in the skin
  • Unpigmented skin affected: Sloughing and serous ooze, Secondary bacterial infections
  • Primary caused by photodynamic agents in diet (e.g. St John’s Wort)
  • Secondary (hepatogenous): liver damage and accumulation of phylloerythrin
38
Q

List some physical injuries seen in sheep

A
  1. Rubbing - Due to pruritis/irritation
  2. Wool break: Nutritional/condition/stress, Systemic disease
  3. Trapping (eg. fence wire)/ fleece grabbing
  4. Dog attacks - Consider underlying structures (eg. joints, abdomen etc.)
39
Q

Sheep scab is caused by?

A

Psoroptes ovis

40
Q

Describe the main features/signs of sheep scab

A

Serious endemic UK disease
- Allergic skin reaction to scab mites and faecal matter
- Concentric wool loss with scaling and crusting
- Profound dermatitis, secondary skin infections
- Disrupted feeding, condition loss, weakened immunity etc.
- Intense pruritis and discomfort (fitting)
- Slow disease (up to 40-50 days post-infection)

41
Q

How is sheep scab diagnosed?

A
  1. Diagnosis by skin scrapes
    - From the edge of crusting lesion
    - Microscopy with liquid paraffin or boiling in 10% KOH
  2. Serum antibody ELISA detects infection from 2 weeks post infection
42
Q

Describe the legislation of sheep scab

A
  • Notifiable disease in Scotland
  • Mandatory treatment if identified in England and Wales
  • OP dipping can only be purchased and carried out by certified individuals (including safe disposal)
43
Q

How is sheep scab prevented?

A

Good biosecurity (neighbouring farms)
Adequate quarantine measures for bought-in sheep
- Isolate, test (ELISA) and treat as required –see SCOPS guidelines

44
Q

Describe treatment for sheep scab

A
  • Whole flock
  • OP (diazinon) dip – fully submerged (preferred option)
  • Certain injectible 3-ML products: Repeat injections
  • Avoid previous housing & pastures for >17 days
45
Q

Pediculosis is caused by which lice infestation?

A

Bovicola ovis

46
Q

Describe the main features/signs of Bovicola ovis

A
  • Generally incidental finding: heavy infestations may indicate underlying flock health issue
  • Pruritis, fleece loss, skin damage
  • Lice identifiable in fleece samples
47
Q

How is Bovicola ovis diagnosed and treated

A
  • Macroscopically and skin scrapes
  • Investigate underlying cause: general health & nutrition
  • Reduce stocking density
  • Shear flock: can reduce burdens by up to 50%
  • Chemical treatments: topical SPs & 3-MLs, Diazinon dip
48
Q

How does orf present?

A

Zoonosis
- Mouth, feet & teat lesions
- Hungry lambs, mastitis ewes
- Self-limiting disease: 1-4 weeks

49
Q

How is orf treated?

A

Antibiotics for secondary infections
Scabivax – not recommended for naïve flocks

50
Q

What is the causative agent is caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Systemic, infectious disease
Prevent introduction, cull to control
Zoonosis

51
Q

How does scrapie present?

A

Intense pruritis and wool break +/- neurological signs
Notifiable disease

52
Q

When in the year are biting/nuisance flies present?

A

Summer months

53
Q

Biting/nuisance flies act as vectors for which diseases?

A

New Forest disease, BVDv, summer mastitis etc.
Tick borne diseases e.g. Babesiosis (Ixodes ricinus), Q-fever
Bluetongue & Schmallenberg

54
Q

How can flies be controlled?

A
  • Regular inspection - PGE
  • Risk forecasting (NADIS blowfly alert)
  • Identify risk areas:
    Outdoors- trees & shaded pastures
    Indoors- Good hygiene (e.g. muck out)
  • Routine topical treatments (SPs, IGRs, 3-MLs)
  • Insecticide-impregnated ear tags, tail bands etc.
  • Environmental controls: Residual spraying indoors, Traps etc.
55
Q

‘Psudorabies’ is a term used for which condition?

A

Aujeskys disease
Not in the UK
Notifiable
Extreme pruritis and self injury

Y4 FA - Miscellaneous (9 decks)

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