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Y4 FA - Miscellaneous > Livestock Dermatology > Flashcards

Livestock Dermatology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

List the potential causes of skin disease in livestock

A
  • Infectious: Parasitic, Bacterial, Fungal, Viral
  • Neoplastic
  • Nutritional
  • Toxic
  • Physical
  • Congenital
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2
Q

Why is skin disease important in livestock?

A

Welfare and productivity - Loss of body condition etc
Indicate underlying conditions
Biosecurity
Hide damage
Zoonoses

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3
Q

Describe the steps in the approach to skin disease in livestock

A

Signalment & history
- Incidence & onset
- Location (soil type etc.)
- Animal(s) affected
Full clinical examination
- BCS
- TPR
- Rumination
- Lameness etc.
- Skin lesions & lymph nodes

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4
Q

How are dermatological conditions affected to systemic disease?

A

Dermatological signs may be manifestation of systemic disease
May be sign of underlying issue (nutritional deficiency, immunosuppression etc.) E.g. poor coat condition

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5
Q

Describe physical rub mark injuries in cattle and what they indicate

A
  • Part of accreditation schemes, milk buyer contracts etc.
  • Indicative of environment/ housing issues
  • Herd-prevalence & scoring – Pre- and post-interventions changes
  • Cubicle design and bedding: Hock, stifle, pelvic, spinal and neck lesions
  • Feed barrier: Neck rubbing- reduced DMI?
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6
Q

Describe score 0-3 for hock lesions in cattle

A

0 = no swelling, coat intact or slightly worn, no lesions
1 = no swelling or swelling less than 1cm, bald area, no lesions
2 = moderate swelling of 1-2.5cm and/or lesions in the bald area
3 = Major swelling, bald area and lesions

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7
Q

Which ectoparasites are indoor and which are outdoor?

A

Indoors = Lice, Mites
Outdoors = Flies, Ticks

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8
Q

What are the signs of lice infestations in livestock

A

Mainly on the back and neck
Often (but not always) pruritic
Patterned hair loss
- Head, neck, flanks & shoulders
- Hair loss seen where animals can rub – due to pruritis
- Predilection site varies by species
Lice and eggs identifiable macroscopically

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9
Q

Name the sucking lice of cattle

A

Linognathus vituli
Haematopinus eurysternus

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10
Q

Name the chewing lice of cattle

A

Bovicola bovis

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11
Q

Name some mite spp of cattle - state which are the most common and how mild/severe they are - in order

A

Chorioptes bovis - mild, common
Sarcoptes scabei (Zoonosis)
Psoroptes bovis
(Demodex bovis) - severe, rare

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12
Q

What are the signs of mites in cattle

A
  • Pruritis, rubbing & hair loss
  • Legs, feet, tail base, caudal surface of udder- Chorioptes & Psoroptes
  • Neck & face- Sarcoptes
  • Immune response to antigens
  • Primarily housed animals
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13
Q

How are mites diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis/ differentiation by skin scrapes

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14
Q

Describe how to perform skin scrapes for mite diagnosis

A

Edge of lesion
Clip hair & scrape until capillary ooze
Examine under low power (x100)
- Liquid paraffin
- Heating with 10% KOH (clearing agent)

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15
Q

Compare the morphology of chorioptes, psoroptes and Sarcoptes

A

Cup shaped pedicles, rounded mouthparts = chorioptes
Trumpet shaped pedicles and pointed mouth parts = psoroptes
Sarcoptes – short legs, live deeper in the skin, thumbprint

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16
Q

Describe the considerations of treatment for ectoparasites

A

Pediculosis & mange: Check underlying health status, management & husbandry
- Mild infestations may not warrant treatment.
- Often self limiting/ winter housing specific
- Check your diagnosis (especially if psoroptic mange suspected) – Treatments informed by clinical assessment
Check length of activity (varies considerably between products
Remember withhold periods and licencing (especially dairy cattle)

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17
Q

How are lice treated?

A

Synthetic pyrethroids
Macrocytic lactones
Injections more affective against sucking lice

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18
Q

Name the ringworm spp of cattle

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

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19
Q

How does ringworm in cattle present?

A

Common in housed youngstock - Environmental contamination
Circumscribed crusted plaques (~10cm)
- Can form large coalescing lesions
- May indicate malnourishment and/or immunosuppression (PIs)

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20
Q

How is ringworm in cattle diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation, signalment & history
T. verrucosum is not Wood’s lamp positive
Culture & microscopy: take hair pluck sample from edge of lesion

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21
Q

How is ringworm in cattle treated?

A
  • Clean and disinfect housing
  • Turn affected animals out: UV sensitive, Spontaneous resolution
  • Vaccine to reduce severity (prophylactic and therapeutic)
  • Manual bathing and crust removal: Chlorhexidine or Iodine solutions
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22
Q

What is the cause and signs of pustular impetigo?

A

Staphylococcal infections
Wounds
Udder & perineum
Poorly applied ear tags (remove and re-site)

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23
Q

Where are the common locations of abscesses in cattle?

Study These Flashcards
A

Lower jaw and popliteal LNs +/- draining fistula

24
Q

‘Lumpy jaw’ is caused by?

Study These Flashcards
A

Actinomyces bovis with underlying osteomyelitis

25
'Wooden tongue' is caused by?
Actinobacillus ligniersii
26
Name the causative agent of rain scald
Dermatophilus congolensis
27
Describe the main features of rain scald and how to treat it
- Associated with wet weather (skin microtrauma) - Prediliction site over the back - Soft scabby pustular lesions - Apply topical disinfectant - Treat with oxytetracycline/ penicillin - Move to dry environment
28
Bovine 'warts' are known as?
Bovine viral papillomatosis
29
Describe the main features of Bovine viral papillomatosis
Very common, generally self-limiting Possibly spread by flies May persist in immunocompromised animals (PIs)
30
When is surgical removal of Bovine viral papillomatosis indicated?
Penile and teat warts
31
Where does Bovine papular stomatitis occur in the body?
Muzzle and lips
32
Where does Bovine herpes mamillitis occur in the body?
Teats and udder
33
What are the DDx of ulceration of the mouth and nose?
Mucosal disease: PI with cytopathic BVDv Malignant Catarrhal fever (MCF), IBR etc.
34
How does foot and mouth disease present?
Pyrexia (>40oC), depression, lameness Vesicles on muzzle, tongue, nostrils udder & feet
35
How do trace element/ vitamin deficiencies cause skin problems?
Poor coat/ skin condition Consider diet Respond to multivitamin injections
36
Poor growth rates and a brown tinged coat with spectacles is caused by?
Copper deficiency/ molybdenum toxicity
37
Describe photosensitisation in cattle
- Photodynamic agents in the skin - Unpigmented skin affected: Sloughing and serous ooze, Secondary bacterial infections - Primary caused by photodynamic agents in diet (e.g. St John’s Wort) - Secondary (hepatogenous): liver damage and accumulation of phylloerythrin
38
List some physical injuries seen in sheep
1. Rubbing - Due to pruritis/irritation 2. Wool break: Nutritional/condition/stress, Systemic disease 3. Trapping (eg. fence wire)/ fleece grabbing 4. Dog attacks - Consider underlying structures (eg. joints, abdomen etc.)
39
Sheep scab is caused by?
Psoroptes ovis
40
Describe the main features/signs of sheep scab
Serious endemic UK disease - Allergic skin reaction to scab mites and faecal matter - Concentric wool loss with scaling and crusting - Profound dermatitis, secondary skin infections - Disrupted feeding, condition loss, weakened immunity etc. - Intense pruritis and discomfort (fitting) - Slow disease (up to 40-50 days post-infection)
41
How is sheep scab diagnosed?
1. Diagnosis by skin scrapes - From the edge of crusting lesion - Microscopy with liquid paraffin or boiling in 10% KOH 2. Serum antibody ELISA detects infection from 2 weeks post infection
42
Describe the legislation of sheep scab
- Notifiable disease in Scotland - Mandatory treatment if identified in England and Wales - OP dipping can only be purchased and carried out by certified individuals (including safe disposal)
43
How is sheep scab prevented?
Good biosecurity (neighbouring farms) Adequate quarantine measures for bought-in sheep - Isolate, test (ELISA) and treat as required –see SCOPS guidelines
44
Describe treatment for sheep scab
- Whole flock - OP (diazinon) dip – fully submerged (preferred option) - Certain injectible 3-ML products: Repeat injections - Avoid previous housing & pastures for >17 days
45
Pediculosis is caused by which lice infestation?
Bovicola ovis
46
Describe the main features/signs of Bovicola ovis
- Generally incidental finding: heavy infestations may indicate underlying flock health issue - Pruritis, fleece loss, skin damage - Lice identifiable in fleece samples
47
How is Bovicola ovis diagnosed and treated
- Macroscopically and skin scrapes - Investigate underlying cause: general health & nutrition - Reduce stocking density - Shear flock: can reduce burdens by up to 50% - Chemical treatments: topical SPs & 3-MLs, Diazinon dip
48
How does orf present?
Zoonosis - Mouth, feet & teat lesions - Hungry lambs, mastitis ewes - Self-limiting disease: 1-4 weeks
49
How is orf treated?
Antibiotics for secondary infections Scabivax – not recommended for naïve flocks
50
What is the causative agent is caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Systemic, infectious disease Prevent introduction, cull to control Zoonosis
51
How does scrapie present?
Intense pruritis and wool break +/- neurological signs Notifiable disease
52
When in the year are biting/nuisance flies present?
Summer months
53
Biting/nuisance flies act as vectors for which diseases?
New Forest disease, BVDv, summer mastitis etc. Tick borne diseases e.g. Babesiosis (Ixodes ricinus), Q-fever Bluetongue & Schmallenberg
54
How can flies be controlled?
- Regular inspection - PGE - Risk forecasting (NADIS blowfly alert) - Identify risk areas: Outdoors- trees & shaded pastures Indoors- Good hygiene (e.g. muck out) - Routine topical treatments (SPs, IGRs, 3-MLs) - Insecticide-impregnated ear tags, tail bands etc. - Environmental controls: Residual spraying indoors, Traps etc.
55
'Psudorabies' is a term used for which condition?
Aujeskys disease Not in the UK Notifiable Extreme pruritis and self injury

Y4 FA - Miscellaneous (9 decks)

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