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Livestock Neonatology Flashcards

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1
Q

Calf losses < 2 days are typically caused by _________
while calf losses >3 days are likely caused by _______

A

<2 days: typically non-infectious, associated with physiological derangements- birthing trauma, difficult postnatal adaption

> 3 days: likely infectious in nature

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2
Q

What are the influences on calf health

A

dystocia
environment
genetics
dam health

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3
Q

T/F: placenta transfers critical components of calf health

A

False- colostrum provides or supplements those things

colostrum acquisition is the most influential manageable factors

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4
Q

Why is colostrum so essential to calves

A

1) Warmth
2) fluid
3) Standard nutritional components
4) Immunoglobulins
5) Non-immunoglobulin immune factors- cell, various cytokines, enzymes

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5
Q

What are the immunoglobulin percentages in calf colostrum

A

1) IgG= 85-90% (80-90% IgG1, 10-20% IgG2)
2) IgA = 5%
3) IgM = 7%

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6
Q

Colostrum is higher in _______ than milk

A

-Sepcific gravity
-Total Solid %
-Fat %
-Total Protein
-Immunoglobulins
-Insulin
-Vitamin A
-Nutrtions: Ca, P, Mg, Fe, zn, Mn

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7
Q

for calves to get very influential benefits of colostrum, what must be met

A

1) Very soon after birth
2) Sufficient colostrum quality/composition
3) Sufficient quantity
4) Bacteriologically celan (not comaninated)

if these are met, calves have a better physiological and immunological preparation for challenges

Risk of health impairments are diminished

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8
Q

Why is measuring calf serum immunoglobulin concentrations very informative of success

A

calves are born agammaglobulinemic = no immunoglobulins

transfer of maternal immunoglobulins is highly correlated to all other colostrum benefits

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9
Q

T/F: you can examine inadequate passive transfer on physical exam

A

False- it is not a disease but a risk factor

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10
Q

Animals with poor passive transfer are at increased risk for

A

septicemia, diarrhea, enteritis, omphalitis, arthritis, respiratory, and other diseases

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11
Q

bacterial infection of the umbilical cord stump and surrounding area in a newborn.

A

omphalitis

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12
Q

Numerical reference values for failure of passive transfer are only guidelines for _________________

A

the amount of Ig needed for protection

-many other factors influence the Ig concentration needed for protection
-management, environment, infection pressure, virulence, antibody specificity

-Agent, Environment, Host

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of passive transfer

A

1) Secretion of IgG (IgG1) from maternal serum to colostrum

2) Absorption of colostral IgG1 from calf gut to system

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14
Q

When does maternal secretion of IgG1 occur in cows

A

4-6 weeks prepartum

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15
Q

Maternal secretion of IgG1 typically occurs through what process

A

Active and Selective process
receptor mediated
occurs 4-6 weeks prepartum

IgG1> IgG2, IgM, IgA

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16
Q

Why do we vaccinate dams 6-8 weeks before parturition to ensure adequate calf health

A

Maternal Secretion of IgG1 occurs 4-6 weeks prepartum so it takes 1-2 weeks to mount response that then will go into the colostrum

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17
Q

How does neonatal absorption of IgG1 occur

A

non-selective process
non-receptor mediated (M- cells and pinocytosis)

saturable

occur up until 24 hours postpartum (closure occurs)

IgG1, Ig2, IgM, IgA, albumin

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18
Q

How do other foreign proteins affect absorption of IgG1

A

compete against absorption

this is why we need good quality and quantity with purity of colostrum

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19
Q

lactogenic immunity

A

protective mechanism of colostrum where there is high levels of antibody in the gut

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20
Q

What are the different protective mechanism immunities of colostrum

A

1) Lactogenic

2) Systemic humoral immunity

3) Enteric immunity

4) Cellular immunity

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21
Q

What do you need to get successful passive transfer

A

Supply Factors
1) Formation of colostrum with adequate IgG concentration by dam
2) Ingestion of an adequate mass of IgG by the neonate. = quantity x Ig concentration

Absorption Factors
3) timely absorption of IgG by the neonate
4) Colostrum hygiene to avoid competition for absorption of IgG

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22
Q

Do younger or older animals tend to produce more colostrum

A

Older - more antigenic experience

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23
Q

How does colostral (IgG1) differ between beef and dairy cattle

A

dairy- decreased concentration, bred for high volumes - more volume is going to be given

Beef: about 2 L of colostrum needed to reach >200g of IgG1

Dairy: about 4L of colostrum needed to reach >200g of IgG1

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24
Q

What is the minimum goal of colostrum ingestion in cattle

A

Minimum = >200 grams of IgG1

Beef: 2L x 130mg/ml = 260g

Dairy: 4L x 50mg/ml = 200g

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25
What factors might result in failure of calf to ingest colostrum
-Dystocia -Mothering (or lack thereof) -teat confirmation -Hard milkers -Weak/Stressed calves -Dummy calves -Management
26
In colostrum management, we manage ________ in beef while ________ in dairy
Beef: manage animals (health of dam, calf, and if they are nursing) Dairy: manage each of colostrum features -Quality -Quantity -Cleanliness -Quickness -Quantify
27
What are the 5 colostrum features managed in dairy breeds
1) Quality 2) Quantity 3) Cleanliness 4) Quickness 5) Quantify
28
How do we measure colostrum quality
*Colostral IgG 1) RID assay: >50g/L expensive, long timely, and direct 2) Brix Refractometer >22% 3) Colostrometer Green zone 4) visual appearance very poor indicator
29
When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, RID assay should be
>50 g/L this is an expensive but direct way of measuring IgG
30
When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, Brix Refractometer needs to be
> 22% measures density of the colostrum indirect but good and timely
31
When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, the colostrometer needs to be
in the green zone
32
What is the adequate quantity of colostrum
200 g of IgG in first feeding 10-12% of body weight at feeding 3-4q @ birth and 2q @ 12 hours is recommended 6-8q within the first 24 hours
33
Increased colostrum quantity in calves is associated with
1) Decreased preweaning morbidity and mortality 2) Increased ADG preweaning 3) Earlier breeding 4) Increased milk production in 1st and 2nd lactation
34
How many quarts of colostrum is needed
6-8 within first 24 hours 3-4 at birth, 2q at 12 hours is recommended 10-12% of body weight at first feeding
35
What are common pathogens to contaminate colostrum cleanliness in cattle
-E. coli -Salmonella -Mycoplasma -Mycobacterium bovis -Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne's disease)
36
bacterial load in colostrum interferes with
IgG absorption reduces the quality of colostrum?
37
What is the goal of colostrum cleanliness
Total plate count (TPC) <20,000 bacterial cells/ml Pasteruized Milk Ordinance (PMO) limit milk = 100,000 cells/ml less than what is fed to the general public
38
What factors affect the cleanliness of colostrum management
1) udder hygiene 2) Collection and feeding equipment 3) pooling- not a good idea
39
What are good ways to ensure colostrum cleanliness
Store appropriately- prompt chilling heat treat/pasteurize batch -140F * 60 min
40
What are alternatives for colostrum
Colostrum replacers do not use supplements - poor IgG
41
How do you heat treat / pasteurize colostrum
batch - 140F for 60 min lower temperature for longer time- gentle level to save the proteins and immunoglobulins
42
T/F: ingestion of colostrum might trigger closure
True- progressive decrease in ability to absorb IgG 50% decrease by 9 hours earlier feeding leads to earlier closure - less potential for pathogen exposure
43
What is the target of colostrum quickness
milk dam and get colostrum to calf within the first hour -better IgG absorption and less bacterial invasion/absorption
44
To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the serum IgG status with RID assay read
Minimum serum IgG > 10mg/mL at 2-7 days of age expensive and direct
45
To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the standard refractometer be
Minimum > 5.2 g/dL in 90% of calves correlation with serum IgG r2 ~0.6
46
To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the Brix refractoter of calf serum be
>8.3% in 90% of calves correlation with serum IgG - r2~ 0.75
47
What is a common way to quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf
Serum total protein at 2-7 days of age -simple and indirect -herd vs individual
48
It is recommended that you assess for passive transfer between
2-7 days well hydrated calves before substantial loss- IgG half life is 21 days
49
Brix measurements include all
all solids, not just protein
50
Units Colostrum: Serum IgG : Serum TP:
Colostrum: gram/L Serum IgG : mg/mL (by RID) Serum TP: (g/dL(
51
Serum total protein accounts for
all serum proteins, not just IgG -albumin, non-Ig globulins, immunoglobulins with 0 IgG, calf serum protein is 4.2 g/dl with 1000mg/dl IgG STP = 5.2 mg/dk Plasma TP would also include fibrinogen
52
How does Plasma TP differ from serum TP
Plasma TP also includes fibrinogen
53
10 g/L IgG is about _____ total serum protein
5.2 g/dl
54
What is the new standard of individual calf evaluation of passive transfer
Excellent: >40% >25 g/L IgG; serum TP >6 g/L Good: >30% 18-24.9 g/L IgG; serum TP 5.8-6.1 g/dl Fair: >20% 10-17.9 g/L IgG; 5.1-5.7 g/dl serum TP Poor: <10% <10 g/L IgG; serum tp <5.1 g/dl
55
At minimum you should provide ______ quarts of clean, quality colostrum within ______ hours of birth
4 quarts of clean ,quality colostrum within 1-2 hours of birth
56
How to monitor colostrum management and prevalence of passive transfer ****
Colostrum: -IgG >50g/L -Brix >22% Serum: -IgG >18 g/L -Brix >8.9% -Total Protein >5.8 g/dL
57
Common neonatal calf diseases
perinatal disease weak calves trauma congenital defects infectious diseases enteric * (most common) septicemic *(most common) respiratory
58
How do you assess calf vigor
1) Delivery status 2) Behavior: head-right, sternal recumbence, attempt to stand, standing 3,5,20, 60 min 3) Suckle response 4) Strong, oriented 5) Rectal temp
59
The calf should lift head by _______ sternal recumbence by _______ Attempt to stand by ____ Stand by ______
Lift head: 3 min Sternal: 5 min Attempt to stand: 20 min Stand: 60 min
60
How to you stimulate and enhance neonatal respiration
assist in ventilation of lungs (breathing) - stimulate by rubbing and drying calf
61
How do you maintain neoatal body temp
thermoregulation via supplemental heat, calf jackets
62
How do you increase blood volume and provide energy of calfs
administer colostrum
63
How do you treat/prevent neonatal issues
-Colostrum then milk (tube if necessary) -Supportive care: keep warm, nutritional supplementation, etc -Rule out infectious disease -Prevention
64
What might cause a weak or dummy calf
1) Nutrition- protein/energy, micro/macro minerals 2) Hypothermia 3) Perinatal hypoxia ** 4) Infectious diseases (fetal infections) - most often just result in abortions
65
When the calf is beyond the first 3 days, what is the concern
Infectious causes - specifically neonatal diarrhea calves are immunologically naive- risk of infection and disease with enteric infections common enteric pathogens are present in the environment infection is common, disease is not
66
Within the first week of age, what enteric pathogen is concerning for calves
E. Coli - K99 Secretory Diarrhea- supplement fluids generally <5 days
67
Crypto, Rotavirus, and Coronavirus tend to affect calves within *
1-3 weeks of age (10-12 days is hit point) wont get sick beyond that
68
Cryptosporidium tends to affects calves aged
1-3 weeks of age (10-12 days is hit point) wont get sick beyond that
69
Rotavirus tends to affect calves aged
1-3 weeks of age (10-12 days is hit point) wont get sick beyond that
70
Coronavirus tends to affect calves aged
1-4 weeks of age (Peak 2 weeks ) wont get sick beyond that
71
Enterogenic E. Coli K99 tends to affect calves aged
< 5 days
72
Clostridium perfringens type C tends to affect calves aged
<20 days
73
Salmonella and invasive E. coli tend to affect calves aged
5 to 45 days
74
What causes calf scours
Rotavirus Coronavirus Cryptosporidium E. Coli K99 primary mechanism- result in loss of fluid and electrolytes causing acidosis, hyponatremia, etc
75
What virus blunts microvilli, what destroys it
Blunting: Rotavirus Destroyed: Corona Virus
76
What virus blunts microvilli
Rotavirus
77
What virus damages microvilli
Coronavirus
78
T/F: calf scours enteritis has minimal inflammation and invasion
True- very localized infection with disturbed GI function
79
What might you see on physical examination that indicates calf dehydration
-Skin tent -Strength and activity -Eyeglobe position -Peripheral perfusion -Diarrhea
80
The most common diarrhea agents from neonatal calves are
Crypto Rotavirus Corona
81
What are the different types of Enteric E. coli
Enterotoxigenic: <1 week, fimbria/pilus, enterotxin Enterohemorrhagic: 1 week- 4months, K99 negative, Shiga-like toxin = verotoxin Enteropathogenic (lack SLT) Enteroinvasive
82
Enterohemorrhagic Enteric E. coli affect calves
1 week to 4 months K99 negative produce Shiga-like toxin = verotoxin
83
What 3 agents cause inflammatory enteritis in calves
1) Salmonellosis 2) Invasive E. coli 3) Clostridial enteritis very different than the scour pathogens because these cause lots of inflammation, damage to gut and potential invasion
84
Invasive E. coli (attaching and effacing) affect calves aged
3-21 cause lots of inflammation, damage to gut, and potential invasion
85
Clostridium perfringens type that causes hemorrhagic enterocolitis
Type C
86
Clostridium perfringens type that causes enteritis in lambs
Type B
87
Clostridium perfringens type that causes etneritis and abomasitis
Type A
88
Clostridium perfringens type that causes enterotoxemia and overeating disease
Type D
89
The most common causes of calf diarrhea (scours) is
Crypto Rota Corona virus commonly occur between 1-2 weeks these hurt or kill claves by causing fluid and electrolyte loss Antibioitcs do not affect bugs and infection resolves on its own if the calf survives
90
T/F: antibiotics are needed to treat calf scours (caused by crypto, rota, and corona virus)
False- antibiotics do not affect these bugs and the infection resolves on its own if the calf survives
91
How do bacterial infections of salmonella, E coli, and clostridium kill calves
generally occur 4-30 days kill calves by invading and causing tissue inflamamtion and damage Antibiotics may be useful against these bugs- might not be absorpted, might need to go parenteral
92
if you are going to use antibiotics for calves, what route does it need to be
parenteral - needs to be targeted to right pathogen inappropriate for virus or protozoa
93
How do you treat viral/protozoal enteritis in calfs
Fluid therapy is critical- oral, SQ, IV Antibiotics VERY limited efficacy, may be deleterious, parenteral may be justified for secondary or mixed infections Adjunctive treatments may have value
94
Septicemia in calves is mostly due to
gram - infectios e.coli and salmonella most common gram + are possible and commonly polymicrobial
95
What are the clinical signs of septicemia
1) Injected sclera and mucous membranes 2) Abnormal mucous membranes 3) cold extremities 4) Neutropenia, left shift 5) Increased fibrinogen 6) Hypoglycemia 7) Depression > dehydration: profound without severe diarrhea 8) Multiple organ systems same as for adult septicemia
96
How do you treat bacterial / inflammatory enteritis in calves
1) Fluid therapy - important as needed: IV 2) Antibiotics- very limited efficacy Oral- No valid PK info *Only parenteral broad spectrum except for Clostridium - penicilllin 3) Adjunctive treatments may have value
97
For bacterial / inflammatory enteritis, antibiotics have very limited efficacy but you should only do parenteral broad spectrum except when you have
Clostridium infection - do oral penicillin
98
How do you treat sepsis in calves
1) antibiotics- IV preferred 2) NSAIDs 3) IV fluids 4) Plasma 5) GI protectants guarded to grave prognosis (<10% success) more common with poor colostral transfer prevention is key
99
Septicemia in calves is more common with
poor colostral transfer prevention is key
100
What factors predispose calves to abomasitis
-Intermittent feeding of large volumes -Dietary changes -Clostridium perfringens type A -Abomasal trichobezoars (hair balls) -Copper deficiency *Sporadic occurances
101
Dietary changes might cause what in cattle
Abomasitis
102
What are the clinical signs of abomasitis
-Acute distention of abomasum with gas -colic, restlessness -passage of stomach tube does not provide significant relifed (R sided, can look bilateral) -metabolic acidosis, depression, shock
103
How do you treat cattle with abomasitis
1) Decompression 2) Right flank laparotomy 3) Fluid therapy- hydration, electrolytes, acid-based corrections 4) Antibioitcs (Type A perfringens) - oral penicillin 5) Clostridium perf. C and D antitoxin 6) Kaopectate Likely not to change course of disease
104
What might cause ruminal bloat in calves
1) Rumen putrefaction: tubing milk, overeating, esophageal groove dysfunction *milk accumulates in the rumen instead of abomasum -> abnormal fermentation * 2) secondary bloat- complication of bronchopneumonia
105
Secondary bloat might be caused by
Bronchopneumonia
106
What might cause rumen putrefaction leading to ruminal bloat in calves
tubing milk, overeating, esophageal groove dysfunction *milk accumulates in the rumen instead of abomasum -> abnormal fermentation *
107
What are the common clinical signs of cows with rumen putrefaction
recurrent bloat poor growth diarrhea rought hair coat
108
How do you treat rumen putrefaction in cattle
1) Rumen lavage 2) Oral tetracycline or penicillin 3) Rumen fluid transfaunation 4) Change diet - nipple rather than bucket, smaller volumes more frequently, warm milk 5) Calf starter to promote rumen development
109
How might you prevent rumen putrefaction
Change feeding protocl -Nipple rather than bucket -Smaller volumes more frequently -Warm milk Calf starter to promote rumen development
110
How might bronchopneumonia cause secondary bloat
1) mediastinal LN enlargement 2) Esophageal compression / obstruction
111
How do you treat secondary bloat from bronchopneumonia
fix the primary problem: pneumonia intermittent tubing or temporary rumen fistula or trochar

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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