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Lizzie's MCAT Flashcards > Lizzie - CP - Flashcards > Flashcards

Lizzie - CP - Flashcards

1
Q

It is important to look at the figure in the way the question is asking rather than the way I tend to look at it.

A

It is important to look at the figure in the way the question is asking rather than the way I tend to look at it.

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2
Q

What are the products of beta-minus decay?

A

Beta minus decay results in the emission of an electron and an element with one additional proton when compared to the original

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3
Q

When can one expect to see effects of radiation within a community on cancer prevalence?

A

Mutations from radiation exposure can take an extended amount of time, over three years, to manifest and result in diagnosable cancer.

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4
Q

When sort of forces are experienced when an object is undergoing a turning acceleration?

A

A vertical normal force (F=mg) and a horizontal acceleration force (F=ma) that must be considered when determining the net force experienced by the turning object

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5
Q

How do you determine the number of moles of a substance present in an analyte solution?

A

An analyte solution refers to a solution undergoing a titration, so to know how many moles of a given substance were originally present, one must look to the equivalence point of the titration curve

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6
Q

What are the effects of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme’s Km and Vmax?

A

When a competitive inhibitor is present, Km of an enzyme increases and Vmax of an enzyme is unchanged

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7
Q

What is an important quality of diatomic nitrogen gas?

A

Diatomic nitrogen is an extremely inert molecule and highly unreactive, and therefore can be used as the atmosphere during controlled experiments to minimize side reactions.

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8
Q

Where do the carbonyl, alcohol, and alkene functional groups have their peaks on an IR spectrum?

A

A carbonyl has an IR peak between 1700-1750 cm^-1; an alcohol has an IR peak between 3200-3500 cm^-1; an alkene has an IR peak between 1580-1640 cm^-1

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9
Q

When going through the electron transport chain, do electrons move to speies with more positive or less positive reduction potential?

A

Within the electron transport chain, electrons move from species with less positive electron potential to those with more positive reduction potential

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10
Q

What is useful work, and what happens to the energy available that is not utilized for useful work?

A

Useful work is that which is performing some sort of important biological process, and efficiency is the amount of useful work done compared to the energy available. What is not used for useful work is often lost as heat energy.

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11
Q

Does total internal reflection occur when a ray of light travels from high to low index of refraction or low to high index of refraction?

A

Total internal reflection only occurs when a ray of light begins in a higher index of a refraction and travels to a lower incidence of refraction.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the energy required for a chemical reaction and the time the reaction takes to occur?

A

As the amount of energy required to perform a chemical reaction increases, so does the time that it takes for the chemical reaction to occur

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13
Q

What is the relationship between relative stabilization energy and the degree to which a substituent stabilizes a molecule?

A

As the relative stabilization energy of a substituent becomes more negative, the more stabilizing it is for the group it is bonded to

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14
Q

What is Hess’ Law?

A

ΔH reaction = (the sum of Hf for products) - (the sum of Hf for reactants)

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15
Q

Are electron withdrawing groups stabilizing or destabilizing to a carbocation and why?

A

Electron withdrawing groups are often destabilizing because of their electronegativity drawing electron density away from a carbocation.

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16
Q

How does increasing organization impact delta S?

A

The formation of a more organized compound from standard state materials corresponds to a decrease in entropy and therefore a negative delta S

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17
Q

How does minimum shear rate relate to the time it takes for a vesicle to detach from a wall?

A

The largest minimum shear rate value leads to a vesicle that will take the longest time to detach from a wall.

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18
Q

What state of matter are most metal oxides at standard temperature?

A

The majority of metal oxides are solid at standard temperature.

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19
Q

What cell structure helps to transport phagosomes to the lysosome?

A

Microtubules are necessary for transporting phagosomes to the lysosome.

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20
Q

What is the effect on entropy when the number of moles of gas within a system decreases?

A

When moving from a higher number of gas molecules to a lower number of gas molecules, a system becomes more ordered, and therefore entropy decreases and the entropy change is negative

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21
Q

What is sulfuric acid, and what anion does it use? What is sulfurous acid and what ion does it use? What is hydrosulfuric acid and what ion does it use?

A

Sulfuric acis id H2SO4, made from the sulfate ion. Sulfurous acid is H2SO3, made from the sulfite ion. Hydrosulfuric acid is H2S, from the sulfide (S2-) ion.

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22
Q

What happens to the pressure of a reaction vessel when inert gas is added? What happens to the partial pressures of the reactants and products? How does equilibrium shift?

A

When inert gas is added to a reaction vessel, the total pressure increases, but the partial pressure of all of the reactants and products is not changed. Therefore, the equilibrium is unaffected.

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23
Q

What are the potential values for Keq?

A

Keq is always a positive value because the concentrations of reactants and products are always positive.

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24
Q

What characteristic of a compound’s valence electrons makes it more likely to become a radical?

A

A radical species is a species with one or more unpaired electrons, and generally this requires there to be an odd number of valence electrons.

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25
Q

How do you determine the rate law from a slow step if the slow step involves and intermediate?

A

If the slow step of a reaction has an intermediate as a reactant or product, you must use the fast step to solve for the concentration of that intermediate in terms of the forward and reverse rate laws and the other compound present.

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26
Q

What is the equation for the kcat of an enzyme?

A

kcat = Vmax/[E]

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27
Q

Which amino acids will best mimic an amino acid with a phosphorylated hydroxyl group?

A

Negatively charged amino acid side chains, such as aspartate (ASP, D) and glutamate (Glu, E) are the best representation/most similar to a phosphorylated hydroxyl group

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28
Q

What is an atom’s coordination number?

A

A coordination number is the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its neighbors

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29
Q

What is Ksp? What sort of chemical reaction does it correspond to?

A

Ksp is the solubility constant of a species, so the equation it comes from is the dissociation of a molecule into its constituent ions

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30
Q

What is systolic pressure? Is it the numerator of the denominator of a blood pressure reading?

A

The systolic pressure is determined from the first sound of blood flow that can be heard once the pressure exerted by the inflatable cuff falls below the pressure in the artery. Systolic pressure is the numerator of a blood pressure reading.

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31
Q

What is the equation for power consumed?

A

Power consumed = (change in Potential Energy) / time

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32
Q

What is the work required to stretch a string by a displacement of x?

A

Work for stretching a spring = (1/2)kx^2

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33
Q

Do diverging lenses have a positive or negative focal length?

A

Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.

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34
Q

What is an important consideration to make sure that the results from a kinetics experiment are valid?

A

For a kinetics experient, it is valuable to make sure that the colution maintains its homogenous state and that the enzyme does not adhere to the walls of the container or other surfaces which may limit its activity.

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35
Q

What direction does force need to occur in in order to promote fracture?

A

For a fracture to occur, the bone should be experiencing force along its axis

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36
Q

How do you find displacement in the y direction for a projectile motion problem with known t?

A

For projectile motion problems, to get final displacement in the y direction for a known distance, you can use only one kinematic equation instead of having to break it into before it reached its peak height and after. Use delta y = v(initial, y)*t +1/2at^2

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37
Q

What forces is an object experiencing while it is at equilibrium? What is the net force on it?

A

When an object is at rest or at equilibrium, the net force it experiences is 0N, but this takes into account all of the tensions/forces it is physically experiencing as well as gravity

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38
Q

What does the slope of a linear graph of displacement versus time represent?

A

The slope of a linear graph of displacement versus time is velocity.

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39
Q

If a car is traveling with constant velocity, is its acceleration constant, zero, both, or neither?

A

A constantly zero acceleration is still a constant acceleration, so an object moving with constant velocity has both a zero and a constant acceleration.

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40
Q

What does it mean for an object to be at rotational equilibrium? Where should the pivot point be placed?

A

When an object is at rotational equilibrium, its net torques are equal to zero. The pivot point must be placed somewhere where there can be both clockwise and counterclockwise torques experienced.

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41
Q

What effects do the biceps and triceps respectively have on the angle of the arm?

A

The biceps are the muscles which reduce the angle between the upper and lower portions of the arm. The triceps increase the angle of the arm.

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42
Q

What is the magnitude of the force of static friction that an object experiences when a force is applied to it that is lesser in magnitude than its maximal static friction?

A

When a force is applied to an object, the force of static friction that it experiences is only equal to the force applied, up until the force applied exceeds the maximum value for static friction (usN)

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43
Q

How is mass a factor in the transfer of energy between potential and kinetic?

A

If mass is unchanged during transfer of energy between potential and kinetic, it cancels out from both sides of the equation and is not relevant

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44
Q

Use the passage and all the components of each figure to your advantage

A

-

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45
Q

What is conductance?

A

Conductance is the inverse of resistance, so its units can be derived accordinagly.

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46
Q

What occurs when a dielectric is added to a capacitor?

A

Introducing a dielectric into a capacitor decreases the total electric field strength between the two plates, which decreases the voltage, which increases the capacitance. It still stores the same amount of charge, but at a lower voltage.

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47
Q

How do you find the radius of a charge when it enters a magnetic field perpendicular to its path?

A

To find the relationship/movement of a charge when it enters a magnetic field perpendicular to its path which will lead it to begin circular motion, set the force of the magnetic field (qvB) equal to the centripetal force (mv^2/r) to find r=mv/qB

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48
Q

How do you find the charge stored within a capacitor once you have found the equivalent capacitance of a circuit?

A

Once you find the equivalent capacitance of a circuit, use Q=CV to determine the charge stored in each capacitor (use the equivalent capacitance as C).

49
Q

What does it mean for a material to obey Ohm’s Law?

A

Ohm’s Law is V=IR, and therefore a material obey’s Ohm’s Law if its resistance does not change with increasing current.

50
Q

What forms when HCl reacts with a carbonate anion?

A

HCl and a carbonate anion react to form CO2

51
Q

What causes color in substances with partially filled d-orbitals?

A

Substances with partially filled d-orbitals absorb visible light to move to the higher energy d orbitals.

52
Q

What is the equation for a magnetic field’s strength in the center of a current loop?

A

Magnetic field B in the center of a current loop=(u0)I/2r

53
Q

How can you block/change the direction of flow of a magnetic field?

A

There are no materials which can block/insulate a magnetic field. However, magnetic fields can be rerouted by using materials which can better conduct magnetic fields, meaning magnetic fields will flow along this material instead of in its original direction

54
Q

What is the relationship between Tesla and Gauss?

A

1 T = 10^4 G

55
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin without oxygen bound to it.

56
Q

What direction are electric field lines directed in?

A

Electric field lines are directed from positive charges to negative charges

57
Q

How can electrons move/can polarization occur within an insulator?

A

Electrons do not move freely within insulating materials, but polarization does occur on an atomic level; so holding an insulator close to a negative charge will make electrons move away and slightly attract the insulator to the negative charge

58
Q

Does a charge moving perpendicular to electric field lines experience work from the field?

A

A charge traveling on a path perpendicular to electric field lines has no work done on it by the electric field.

59
Q

What are the equations and units for electric fields, electric force, electric potential energy, and electric potential?

A

Electric field’s force: F=kqQ/r^2=qE, units=N; electric field: E=F/q=kQ/r^2, units=N/C; Electric potential energy: U=kQq/r=qV, units=J; electric potential: V=U/q=kQ/r, units=J/C

60
Q

How does lipid solubility relate to Van der Waals interactions?

A

Lipid solubility relates to Van Der Waals interacions. As an atom’s size increases, it becomes easier to create temporary dipoles, which would increase the intermolecular forces associated with the interactions of molecules

61
Q

What is nitrous oxide?

A

Nitrous oxide is another name for dinitrogen monoxide- N2O.

62
Q

What is Graham’s Law?

A

When two gases are mixed together at the same temperature, their relative rates of effusion depend only on the molar mass of each gas molecule. This is described by Grahams law: (rate of effusion of gas 1)/(rate of effusion of gas two)=(square root of molar mass of gas 2)/(square root of molar mass of gas 1)

63
Q

Will Fe4+ stabilize an anion if Mg2+ is also present?

A

Fe4+ is an unstable ion and therefore would be much less likely to stabilize a negatively charged intermediate than Mg2+, or Fe2+, or Fe3+.

64
Q

Where are aromatic hydrogens on a proton NMR?

A

Aromatic hydrogens have a characteristic proton NMR peak of 6-8 ppm.

65
Q

How is color perceived in UV Vis spectroscopy?

A

For UV Vis spectroscopy, the perceived color is the color complementary to the color that corresponds to the absorbed wavelength. Red (750nm) is complementary to green, orange is complementary to blue, and yellow is complementary to violet (400nm).

66
Q

What is a meso compound? Is it optically active?

A

Meso compounds are those with a line of symmetry down the middle. Meso compounds, like racemic mixtures, are optically inactive

67
Q

What is the difference between HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC?

A

High performance liquid chromatography has a nonpolar solvent that is run through a column packed with polar solid. Reverse-phase HPLC is a variation in which a polar solvent is used in a column with a nonpolar solid.

68
Q

In proton NMR, does a set of equivalent protons have one peak total or one peak per proton?

A

In proton NMR, each set of equivalent protons corresponds to one peak.

69
Q

How do you lower the pH of a buffer solution?

A

In order to lower the pH of a buffer solution, the propotion of the acidic buffer component must be increased.

70
Q

What occurs during an acetylation?

A

Acetylation occurs when an RC-doublebond-O is added is added to a compound.

71
Q

What is the ring substituent of a phenol or an aromatic amine?

A

The ring substituent of a phenol is the -OH. The ring substituent of an aromatic amine is the amine group.

72
Q

What can coordinate calcium ions?

A

An atom must be a Lewis base to coordinate calcium ions.

73
Q

What does a porphyrin/heme group look like?

A

A porphyrin (basic unit for a heme group) is a five sided heterocycle with one N.

74
Q

What is not affected when a wave changes mediums?

A

The frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium it is in.

75
Q

How does high NADH impact gluconeogenesis?

A

High NADH leads to low NAD+, and low NAD+ leads to reduced production of oxaloacetate and pyruvate, two important gluconeogenic substrates. Therefore, increased NADH leads to reduced gluconeogenesis.

76
Q

What causes a light’s color to change?

A

A change in color is always due to a change in light’s wavelength.

77
Q

What is helpful when identifying amino acids in a chain?

A

When identifying amino acids, first identify the backbone and then it is easier to identify the side chains.

78
Q

Use passage evidence closely to rule out answer choices before picking one you aren’t sure about.

A

-

79
Q

Use the information provided to you in tables/figures to help you choose an answer

A

-

80
Q

Read the passage slowly and carefully to avoid mindless mistakes

A

-

81
Q

What does aspartyl refer to?

A

“Aspartyl” refers to the presence of an aspartic acid group.

82
Q

How do you measure efficiency?

A

Efficiency is measured as work output/work input.

83
Q

How do you know how much of a compound was isolated in an extraction?

A

When seeing how much of a compound is isolated in an extraction, you must take into account how much is soluble in each layer; use the equation Ψ ≅ solubility of solute in organic layer / solubility of solute in aqueous layer

84
Q

Which phase for TLC is polar versus nonpolar? How does eluting strength change with polarity?

A

For TLC, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar, so nonpolar compounds travel farther. Eluting strength increases with solvent polarity.

85
Q

What is the normal force at the top of a roller coaster loop at minimum speed?

A

At the top of a roller coaster loop, the normal force experienced by the car is zero when the minimum speed is accomplished to make a complete loop.

86
Q

What does a pyrrole ring look like?

A

A pyrrole ring is nitrogen based, and has five sides.

87
Q

Look carefully back to the text to find evidence for certain answer choices when the question is clearly asking something out of the scope of what you needed to know going into the test.

A

-

88
Q

Look carefully back to the text to find evidence for certain answer choices when the question is clearly asking something out of the scope of what you needed to know going into the test.

A

-

89
Q

Pay close attention to the units/axes on figures in a passage and make sure they correspond correctly to your answer.

A

-

90
Q

Define clearly what the question is asking before looking for evidence within the passage.

A

-

91
Q

Read carefully what information is presented in the passage and summarize it on your own before trying to answer the questions

A

-

92
Q

What are the four key kinematic equations?

A

The four key kinematic equations: d=v(avg)*t; x=v0t+1/2at^2; vf^2=vi^2+2ad; vf=v0+at.

93
Q

What is the difference between glucose and sucrose?

A

Sucrose has two subunits, does not have a hemiacetal group. Glucose is one ring, and has a hemiacetal group.

94
Q

When entropy decreases, what is the sign of delta S?

A

WHen entropy decreases (the system becomes more ordered), delta S is negative.

95
Q

What is a phosphatide? Pyrophosphate? Phosphonates?

A

Phosphatides are fatty acid esters of glycerol phosphates with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group. Pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions. Phosphonates/phosphonic acid are organophosphorus containing groups with a phosphorus-oxygen double bone and two OH groups.

96
Q

How does mixing indicate whether a compound is under kinetic or thermodynamic control?

A

If a compound is stable and does not change during mixing, it is under kinetic control because it is unable to find a more stable conformation (its thermodynamic product). If a compound is reformed during mixing, it is entering its thermodynamic sttae.

97
Q

How do you form an amide from a carboxylic acid?

A

To form an amide from a carboxylic acid, one must first create some sort of acyl chloride or anhydride so that an amine group doesn’t only take the hydrogen from the carboxylic acid. Then, once an acyl chloride or anhydride are created, one can use an amine group as a nucleophile to from an amide.

98
Q

How does gas liquid chromatography work?

A

In gas liquid chromatography, the sample is volatized in a hot chamber; the higher the boiling point temperature, the more time the compound will spent in the beginning of the chamber waiting to get volatized- therefore, the compound with the highest boiling point will have the highest retention time.

99
Q

Carefully read the question to see what it is asking for, because even if you do a calculation and your answer is an answer option doesn’t mean you are correct because the MCAT knows what mistakes you are likely to make.

A

-

100
Q

What is true of E and Q of an electrochemical cell at equilibrium?

A

At equilibrium, E of a cell will be zero and Q=K.

101
Q

What is a special consideration when doing rate law kinetics for pH?

A

When looking at rate law kinetics for an equation involving hydrogen ions/pH changes, remember that one chance in a pH unit is really a change in an order of magnitude.

102
Q

Can a free radical anion act in acid/base chemistry?

A

A radical anion can act as a proton acceptor (Bronsted base).

103
Q

For an ion of a transition metal, are 3d or 4s electrons lost first?

A

During the ionization of transition metals, electrons from 4s subshells are generally removed before those in 3d subshells; because, it is generally true that 4s is higher energy than 3d.

104
Q

What is the difference between carbonic acid and bicarbonate?

A

Bicarbonate is HCO3- and carbonic acid is H2CO3 (the product of CO2 and H2O).

105
Q

How can you determine if it is possible to oxidize a compound?

A

For a compound to be able to be oxidized, it must be in some reduced form. Therefore, it must have an oxidation number lower than its highest possible oxidation number (when it has all of its valence electrons)

106
Q

Where is an amide peak on a proton NMR?

A

Proton NMR peaks around 5-8.5 are indicative of an amide group

107
Q

What is the effect of soluble, nonvolatile solute(s) on boiling point?

A

When soluble, nonvolatile solute(s) are added to a pure liquid, the boiling point of the liquid increases, according to the colligative property of boiling point elevation.

108
Q

What is trigonal pyrimidal geometry?

A

Trigonal pyramidal geometry occurs when one of the four electron domains surrounding a central atom is a lone pair

109
Q

What/where is GLUT4?

A

GLUT4 is an insulin regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac).

110
Q

Remember to draw out any useful diagrams/things to know when they are not included in the passage (such as how a PET scanning machine is circular!)

A

-

111
Q

What are the molar masses of glucose and sucrose?

A

The molar mass of glucose is 180g/mol. The molar mass of sucrose is 342 g/mol.

112
Q

Use relationships in given equations to determine if certain changes will increase or decrease any given variables.

A

-

113
Q

Why would an individual at higher elevation have a higher hematocrit?

A

An individual at higher elevation would have higher hematocrit levels due to less oxygen present in the air.

114
Q

How does CO2 affect the pH when it is dissolved in water

A

When CO2 dissolves in water, it slowly reaches equilibrium between dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid which is a weak acid and would lower pH. The cabronic anhydrase buffer system is as follows: CO2 +H2O – H2CO3 – HCO3- + H+

115
Q

What is the difference between SN1 and SN2?

A

Sn1 mechanisms form a carbocation intermediate, while SN2 do not and need to avoid steric hindrance

116
Q

What is the result when an amine is reacted with an anhydride?

A

Reacting an amine with an anhydride will leave acidic carboxylic acid

117
Q

When does a voltmeter have a zero reading?

A

A voltmeter has a zero reading when the two sides that it separates experience the same voltage drop

118
Q

What is a good way to investigate side chain interactions?

A

The best way to investigate side chain interactions is to substitute alanine because it does nto readily interact with other side chains

119
Q

What binds to an anion exchange column?

A

Anionic peptides bind to an anion exchange column

Lizzie's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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