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Cell Signalling > LMD Lecture > Flashcards

LMD Lecture Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

six steps of cell-cell communications

A

synthesis, release, transport, detection, change, removal

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2
Q

Large distance extracellular signalling is mediated by

A

hormones

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3
Q

Short distance extracellular signalling is mediated by

A

neurotransmitters and some growth factors

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4
Q

Autocrine signalling mediated by

A

growth factors

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5
Q

Autocrine signalling generally act on themselves to ____

A

regulate proliferation

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6
Q

Growth factors have which modes of communication?

A

All three

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7
Q

Epinephrine have which modes of communication?

A

Endocrine and Paracrine

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8
Q

4 types of intracellular signalling

A

Contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine

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9
Q

3 types of signalling according to distance

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

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10
Q

How was cell communication discovered?

A

Protrusion of yeast cells

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11
Q

Difference between synaptic and endocrine

A

(1) One neurotransmitter - many actions, hormones require specificity, (2) endocrine - bloodstream, synaptic - neural transmission, (3) endocrine - operates over a longer period of time, synaptic - immediate response to signal
- the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream and the nervous system secretes neurotransmitters which are released directly onto their target cells.
- the nervous system responds faster than the endocrine system.
- the nervous system typically activates its targets quickly and only for as long as action potentials are sent to the target. The endocrine system tends to have longer-lasting effects.

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12
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroids, thyroid hormones, retinoids

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13
Q

Steroids are from

A

lipids derived from cholesterol in SER

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14
Q

What provides uniqueness for steroids

A

different fxnal groups around core structure

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15
Q

Steroids turn on what…

A

GENES!

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16
Q

Function of thyroid hormones

A

help set basal metbaolic rate, activate enzymes involved in catabolism of fats and glucose

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17
Q

Vitamin A derivatives and their functions

A

Retinoids, effects on proliferation & differentiation plus cellular death

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18
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

amino acid derivatives and eicosanoids

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19
Q

Modified AA hormones

A

serotonin, melatonin, histamine, epinephrine

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20
Q

Large peptide hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from

A

arachidonic acid

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22
Q

Examples of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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23
Q

Action of prostaglandins

A

ACT ON CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS DESPITE BEING LIPOPHILIC

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24
Q

How do water soluble hormones act?

A

Bind to cell surface receptors –> second messenger system

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25
Narrate mechanism of vessel dilation
Neuron secretes neurotransmitter, Ach binds to Ach receptor in endothelial cell producing NO which increases GMP leading to vessel dilation
26
NO's mode of cell communication
PARACRINE
27
T/F. NO is stable.
F
28
T/F. NO has local effects and is NOT systemic
T
29
8 examples of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, glycine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, epienephrine, histamine
30
How do neurotransmitters work/
They bind on cell surface receptors that induce conformation chane on ion channels causing ion influx
31
Activators of NMDA receptor
Glycine glutamate
32
Antagonist of NMDA receptor
Homocysteine, TCF
33
3 classes of cell surface receptors
GPCR, ion channel, enzyme coupled
34
Examples of GPCR
epinephrine, glucagon, serotonin
35
GPCR is involved in
light detection (eye), odorant detection (nose), detection of certain hormones and neurotransmitters
36
Two types of G proteins
Gs and Gi (stimulates, inhibits)
37
Example of ion channel receptor
Ach receptor
38
Where are ion channel receptors
Neuronal plasma membrane, plasma membrane of muscle cells
39
Functions of ion channel
saltatory conduction, muscle contraction
40
Cytokines and interferons are what type of receptors
Tyrosine kinase linked receptors
41
Examples of non catalytic receptors that are coupled to tyrosine kinases
Erythropoietin, inteferon
42
Binding of a ligand on Tyr kinase-linked receptor results into
Dimer formation then activation of tyrosine kinases
43
Difference between RTKS and Tyr kinase linked receptors
RTKs have intrinsic catalytica ctivity
44
What binds to RTKs
Growth factors - peptide/protein hormones such as NGF, PDGF, insulin
45
What AA residues are phosphorylated by RTKs?
serine, threonine
46
A and B must be present to activate Y., What's Y?
Integrator protein
47
Another name for Y if A and B must be present to activate Y
Coincidence detector
48
Enhances speed, efficiency and specificity of response
Scaffold protein
49
Site at which GTP binds on G protein
ALPHA SUBUNIT
50
What is activated by Gs alpha subunit
Adenylyl cyclase
51
Second messengers
cAMP, IP3, DAG, Calcium
52
What receptor of a signal pathway is not being participated by cAMP
RTK
53
function of cAMP
activate PKA
54
Regulates cAMP to shut off the signal
phosphodiesterase. pyrophosphate becomes driver for cAMP synthesis
55
Effects of PKA activation
on adipocytes: stimualte production of FA, on ovarian cells: increase estrogen
56
PKA phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase causing activation. T/F
True
57
PKA phosphorylates glycogen synthase causing activation. T/F.
False
58
Low cAMP levels trigger GPCR to produce PKA.
False. Epinephrine triggers GPCR increasing cAMP, and PKA in the process. Epinephrine is a stress hormone and the activation of PKA leads to glucose utilization activating glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glycogen synthase.
59
GPCR acts to 2 enzymes relevant in our discussions
adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C-Beta
60
GPCR A subunit ---> ??? ---> ____ + _____ --> Calcium release
??? is phopholipase C B, IP3 and DAG
61
DAG acts on
Protein Kinase C
62
IP3 acts on
ER to release calcium
63
Effects of calcium
Exocytosis of insulin, muscle contraction, Ca-calmodulin affecting gene expression
64
MAP kinase pathways are activated by
RTKs
65
MAP kinase pathway: ___ --> ____ ---> MAP Kinases
Ras GTPase ---> rac ---> MAP kinase
66
MAPK activation leads
translocation into nucleus and phosphorylate proteins
67
Central driver of MAP kinase paths
cdc42/rac
68
Stress reponse and apoptosis
rac-MEKKs-MEK 3/6-p38MAPK->MAPKAP2 or ATF and elk. MAPKAP2 leads to hsp27
69
Stress response and proliferation
rac-MEKKs-JNKK1/2-JNK1/2-ATF,jun,elk
70
Proliferation and differentiation
rac-ras-raf-MEK-ERK-elk,RSK,fos
71
Complete: ras-__-___-___-___ or _____
ras-raf/MAPKKK-mek/MAPKK-erk/MAPK--change in protein activity or change in gene expression
72
Negative regulator of water soluble hormones
phosphodiesterase
73
Parts of a nuclear receptor
transcription activating domain, ligand binding domain, DNA binding domain
74
Inhibitory proteins bind to the C-terminal portion of an inactive protein in the nuclear receptor superfamily. T/F
T
75
Nuclear hormone receptor binds to DNA has heterodimers. T/F.
F either hetero or homo
76
What stabilizes ligand in a nuclear receptor protein?
Alpha helix in C terminal portion.
77
Binds to transcription activating domain to allow DNA binding element to bind successfully.
Coactivator proteins
78
___ activates ___ leading to ___. Example is estrogen.
Steroids or the nuclear receptor superfamily of proteins activate early primary response genes leading to activation of delayed secondary response genes.
79
Narrate gene activation pathway
1o transduction - relay - transduce and amplify - integrate - spread - anchor - modulate - effector protein activation
80
Cell death receptors belong to ___ family
TNF family
81
Classic cell death receptor
Fas
82
Ultimate effectors of apoptosis and the reason for their name
Caspases. Have Cys in active site and cleave after Asp
83
Regulators of apoptosis
Bcl2 family
84
Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Mitoc damage - cytochrome C release - caspase activation
85
B1 integrin activates
MAPK cascade
86
Classes of CAMS
cadherins, Ig like superfamily of CAMs, integrins
87
cell-cell adhesion
ig like superfamily of CAMS, cadherins
88
calcium dependent
cadherins, integrins
89
ca independent
Ig superfamily
90
homophilic, binds to same CAMS
ig superfamily of CAMS and cadherins
91
heterophilic
ig superfamily of CAMS and integrins
92
junctions containing cadherins
adherens junction, desmosome
93
has cadherin, ties actin together
adherens junction
94
has cadherin, ties actin together
desmosome
95
ECM with cytoskeleton
integrins
96
Integrins mediate cell-cell interactions. T/F.
T weakly nga lang
97
number of integrin alpha and beta subunits
17 and 8
98
three components of ECM and their functions
collagens - structural framework for strength and resilency, proteglycans -- cushions cells, adhesive matrix proteins - binds these components to receptors on cell surface
99
Junctions of integrins, identify connected molecules
focal adhesions (FN to actin), hemidesmosomes (IF to collagens & laminins)
100
Integrins trigger cell signalling through...
focal adhesion kinases
101
____ make up ___ to allow free passage of ions from cell-cell
connexons make up gap junctions
102
two molecules allowed to traverse through gap junctions
Ca and CAMP
103
What does NO bind to?
Guanylyl Cyclase (converts GTP to cGMP)

Cell Signalling (1 decks)

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