LO 6

Question 1

What are the four basic components of an x-ray film?

Answer 1

1. Film base
2. Adhesive layer
3. Film emulsion
4. Protective layer

Question 2

Describe the x-ray film base

Answer 2

1. 0.2 mm thick piece of polyester plastic
2. Provides strength and stability for the delicate emulsion
3. Designed to withstand heat, moisture, and chemical exposure
4. Is transparent and exhibits a slight blue tint

Question 3

Describe the adhesive layer of an x-ray film

Answer 3

1. Attaches the emulsion to the base
2. Covers both sides of the film base
3. Added to the film before the emulsion is applied

Question 4

The ________ is a homogeneous coding with a mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals attached to both sides of the film base by the adhesive layer. It gives the film greater sensitivity to x-radiation

Answer 4

Film emulsion

Question 5

Describe the protective layer

Answer 5

1. A thin coating over the emulsion to protect the emulsion from damage
2. Also protects the emulsion surface from manipulation and mechanical processing damage

Question 6

Describe latent image formation

Answer 6

1. Silver halide crystals absorb x radiation during x-ray exposure and store energy from the radiation
2. The crystals contain various levels of stored energy, depending on the density of the object in the area exposed
3. The stored energy forms a pattern known as the latent image which cannot be seen until processing

Question 7

Silver halide crystals that are exposed to x-radiation are ______, and the ______ and ______ atoms are separated

Answer 7

1. Ionized
2. Silver
3. Bromine

Question 8

Irregularities in the lattice structure of the exposed crystal, sensitivity specs, attract the silver atoms. These aggregates of neutral silver atoms are known as ______

Answer 8

Latent image centers

Question 9

What are the 3 types of dental x-ray film?

Answer 9

1. Intraoral film - placed inside the mouth and used to examine the teeth and supporting structures, most commonly used film, which comes in two packet or one packet
2. Extra oral film placed outside the mouth during an exposure used to examine large areas of teeth and jaw
3. Duplicating film

Question 10

What are the four components of intraoral film packaging?

Answer 10

1. X-ray film
2. Paper film wrapper - black protective sheet to cover the film and protect it from light
3. Lead foil sheet
4. Outer package wrapping

Question 11

Describe intraoral x-ray film

Answer 11

1. It is a double emulsion film; it requires less radiation exposure to produce an image
2. May contain one film or two films
3. An identification dot is located in one corner of the intraoral X-ray film, which is used to distinguish between the left and right sides of the client

Question 12

What is the purpose of the lead foil sheet?

Answer 12

1. It is located behind the film wrapped in black protective paper
2. It shields the film from back scatter radiation that creates film fog
3. There is a pattern embossed on the lead foil sheet (herringbone) that is visible on a processed radiograph if the film packet is placed in the mouth backward and it is exposed

Question 13

Describe the outer package wrapping

Answer 13

1. Soft vinyl or paper to seal the contents and protect them from light or moisture
2. The tube side - solid white with a raised bump corresponding to the identification dot on the X-ray film; this side should face the tube head during an exposure
3. Label side - color coded to identify between one and two film packs and according to film speed; has a flap used to open the film packet prior to processing

Question 14

______ is used to examine the entire tooth and 2 mm of supporting bone

Answer 14

Periapical film

Question 15

________ is used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on one film; used for examining _______ surfaces

Answer 15

1. Bite-wing film
2. Interproximal

** can use stick on tabs, bite-wing loops, or Rinn equipment

Question 16

_______ is a larger film used for examination of large areas of the maxilla or mandible

Answer 16

Occlusal film

Question 17

What are the three intraoral film types?

Answer 17

1. Periapical film
2. Bite-wing film
3. Occlusal film

Question 18

What are the periapical film sizes and who are the used for?

Answer 18

1. 0 - used for small children
2. 1- used for anterior teeth in adults
3. 2 - standard film used for anterior and posterior teeth in adults

Question 19

What are the bite wing film sizes and who are the used for?

Answer 19

1. 0 - used for posterior teeth in small children
2. 1 - used for posterior teeth in children, or position vertically to examine anterior teeth in adults
3. 2 - used horizontally or vertically to examine posterior teeth and adults
4. 3 - shows all posterior teeth on one side of the arch; not recommended because all the contacts cannot be opened on one film

Question 20

What sizes do occlusal film come in and who are the used for?

Answer 20

1. Occlusal film only comes in size 4, it is used to examine large areas of the maxilla or mandible

Question 21

Describe intraoral film speed and what affects it

Answer 21

1. The amount of radiation required to produce a radiograph of standard density is the film speed
2. It is determined by - the size of silver halide crystals, the thickness of the emulsion, the presence of special radio sensitive dyes
3. A fast film requires less radiation exposure

Question 22

What are the current film speeds available on the market?

Answer 22

1. D, E, F
2. F speed film requires about half the exposure time of D speed film

Question 23

Describe extraoral film

Answer 23

1. Placed outside of the mouth during an exposure
2. Used to examine large areas of teeth and Jaws
3. Panoramic film - wide view of upper and lower jaws
4. Cephalometric film - bony and soft tissue areas in profile from the side
5. Boxed quantities of 50-100 films
6. Not enclosed in moisture proof packs (because not going in mouth)
7. 2 types - screen film or non-screen film

Question 24

Describe screen film

Answer 24

1. Requires the use of a screen in a cassette with phosphors for exposure
2. The film is sensitive to fluorescent light, rather than direct exposure to x radiation
3. Some screen films are sensitive to blue light and some are sensitive to green light
4. The film-screen combinations must match

Question 25

Describe non-screen film

Answer 25

1. Does not require the use of a screen semicolon it is exposed directly to x-rays 2. Not recommended for dental use

Question 26

Screen films are used with _____ screens and cassettes

Answer 26

Intensifying

Question 27

Describe intensifying screens

Answer 27

1. A device that transfers x-ray energy into visible light; the visible light then exposes the screen film 2. This lowers the radiation dose to the patient 3. A screen film is secured in a cassette between two intensifying screens of matching size 4. The intensifying screen is a smooth plastic sheet coated with minute fluorescent crystals known as phosphors

Question 28

What are the two types of intensifying screens and what colors are they sensitive to?

Answer 28

1. Calcium tungstate screens (blue light) 2. Rare Earth screens (green light) / less radiation required

Question 29

Describe the purpose of cassettes

Answer 29

1. Used to hold the film and intensifying screens 2. Maybe flexible or rigid - a rigid cassette has a plastic front cover to allow the photons to pass through (the back cover is metal to reduce scatter radiation) 3. Must be light tight and hold the intensifying screen in contact with the film, otherwise, the lack of contact between film and cassette will result in the lack of sharpness of the image in that area 4. Cassette is marked with L and R for orientation

Question 30

Describe duplicating film

Answer 30

1. Different than radiographic film, used to make copies 2. The longer it is exposed, to the lighter the film will be 4. Good for referrals and for the submission of insurance claims 5. It has a motion on one side only and no lead foils 6. It is not exposed with x-rays, it must be used with a film duplicator 7. Comes in a white packet

Question 31

Describe proper film storage

Answer 31

1. Film should be kept in a cool, dry place because it is negatively affected by heat, humidity, and radiation 2. Be sure to check the films expiration date