LO1

Question 1

Orientation to the Human Body

Answer 1

• Anatomy – the structure of the body
• Physiology – how it functions
• Pathophysiology – the study of the processes that disturb normal function
  1. Patho means suffering or disease, pathophysiology refers to diseased functioning)

Question 2

Atoms

Answer 2

links together to form Molecules

Question 3

Molecules

Answer 3

are organized into various structures including Organelles

Question 4

Organelle

Answer 4

metabolic units within a cell that performs a specific function necessary to the life of the cell (ie. Mitochondria and nucleus). Organelles are contained within cells

Question 5

Cells

Answer 5

smallest living units that make of the body’s structure. Cells group together to form Tissue

Question 6

Tissue

Answer 6

specialized group of cells with similar structure and function. Come together to form Organs

Question 7

Organs

Answer 7

structures of 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function

Question 8

Organ system

Answer 8

groups of organs that all contribute to a particular function

Question 9

All together

Answer 9

Human organism

Question 10

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 10

Covers or lines body surfaces. (ie. Skin, walls of capillaries, kidney tubules)

Question 11

Connective Tissue

Answer 11

a. Connects and supports parts of the body
b. Some transport and store materials – bone, cartilage, adipose tissue

Question 12

Muscle

Answer 12

a. Contracts to produce movement (including heart)

Question 13

Nerve Tissue

Answer 13

a. Generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function

Question 14

Organ Systems

Answer 14

Body consists of 11 organ systems
- Some parts are in multiple systems – pharynx is part of respiratory and digestion
- Male urethra is part of reproductive and urinary

Question 15

Integumentary System

Answer 15

Skin, hair, nails
o Functions:
Protection, temp regulation, water retention, sensation

Question 16

Skeletal System

Answer 16

Bones, cartilage, ligaments
o Functions:
Protection of organs, support, movement, blood formation

Question 17

Muscular System

Answer 17

o Skeletal muscles
o Functions:
Movement, posture, heat production

Question 18

Lymphatic System

Answer 18

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, tonsils
o Functions:
Role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Question 19

Respiratory System

Answer 19

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
o Functions:
Absorption of O2, discharge of CO2, acid-base balance, speech

Question 20

Urinary System

Answer 20

o Kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
o Functions:
▪ Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and BP; controls fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance

Question 21

Nervous System

Answer 21

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
o Functions:
▪ Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems
▪ Sensation, memory

Question 22

Endocrine System

Answer 22

Pituitary glands, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, and other organs
o Functions:
▪ Hormone production, control and regulation of other systems

Question 23

Circulatory System

Answer 23

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
o Functions:
▪ Distribution of O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies
▪ Balance – electrolytes, acid-base

Question 24

Digestive System

Answer 24

Stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas
o Functions:
▪ Breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Elimination of wastes

Question 25

Reproductive System

Answer 25

Males o Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis o Functions: ▪ Production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones

Question 26

Reproductive systems

Answer 26

Females o Ovaries, fallopian, uterus, breasts, vagina o Functions: ▪ Production of eggs, site of fertilization, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones

Question 27

Anatomical Terms

Answer 27

Anatomical Position – Standing erect, arms at the sides, with face, palms, and feet facing forward

Question 28

Directional Terms Medial

Answer 28

Toward the body’s midline

Question 29

Lateral

Answer 29

Away from the body’s midline

Question 30

Distal

Answer 30

Farthest point from the point of origin

Question 31

Proximal

Answer 31

Closest to the point of origin

Question 32

Superior

Answer 32

Above

Question 33

Inferior

Answer 33

Below

Question 34

Anterior

Answer 34

Toward the front of the body

Question 35

Posterior

Answer 35

Toward the back of the body

Question 36

Superficial

Answer 36

– At or near the body’s surface

Question 37

Deep

Answer 37

Away from the body’s surface

Question 38

Body planes Sagittal plane

Answer 38

Divides body lengthwise into left and right ▪ Called Midsagittal Plane if the section is made exactly midline ▪ Often used in illustrations to reveal the organs in the head or pelvic cavity

Question 39

Transverse Plane

Answer 39

Divides body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) ▪ Also called Horizontal Plan ▪ Used by CT scanners to reveal internal organs

Question 40

Frontal Plane

Answer 40

Divides body lengthwise into anterior and posterior ▪ Also called Coronal Plane ▪ Often used to illustrate to show contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Question 41

Ventral cavity – (Anterior)

Answer 41

▪ Located at the front of the body ▪ Consists of 2 compartments – thoracic and abdominopelvic (separated by diaphragm)

Question 42

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 42

Surrounded by ribs and chest muscles • Subdivided into 2 pleural cavities (each containing a lung) and the mediastinum (3 Areas) o Mediastinum contains heart, large vessels of heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and other blood vessels and nerves (does not contain lungs)

Question 43

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 43

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavity o Abdominal contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc. o Pelvic contains bladder, some reproductive, and rectum

Question 44

Dorsal Cavity – (Posterior)

Answer 44

Located at the back of the body ▪ Contains 2 divisions but is one continuous cavity – no separation

Question 45

a) Cranial Cavity

Answer 45

• Formed by the skull, contains the brain

Question 46

Spinal cavity

Answer 46

Formed by the vertebrae, contains the spinal cord

Question 47

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

Answer 47

Divided into regions (used to locate organs in anatomical studies) - Divided into quadrants (used to pinpoint abdominal pain)

Question 48

Abdominal Regions

Answer 48

Right Hypochondriac Region​​Epigastric Region​​Left Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region​​​Umbilical Region​​Left Lumbar Region Right Iliac Region​​​Hypogastric Region​​Left Iliac Region​

Question 49

Abdominal Quadrants

Answer 49

- Most frequently used - RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Question 50

Abdominal Pain

Answer 50

Disorders in the chest including pneumonia and heart disease can also cause abdominal pain – referred pain - Gallbladder may also cause referred pain in the shoulder

Question 51

Homeostasis

Answer 51

Constancy or balance - Dynamic Equilibrium is the constant changes to maintain balance - If body loses homeostasis can cause illness or death - Set Point Rage – body operates within a narrow range of temp, fluids, and chemicals - Temp: 36 to 37.2, BGL: 65 to 99 mg/dl - Every organ system is involved in maintaining homeostasis. None works alone - Pg. 12 has the balances​

Question 52

Homeostatic Regulation

Answer 52

Process of adjustment is called Homeostatic Regulation - Process Involves: Receptor -> Control Center -> Effector o Receptor – receives info about a change in environment o Control Centre – receives & processes info from receptor o Effector – responds to signals from control center by either opposing or enhancing stimulus ▪ Signal sent by the effector is called feedback: Negative or Positive

Question 53

a) Negative Feedback

Answer 53

Effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change (Detects a drop-in temp -> increases temp)

Question 54

Positive feedback

Answer 54

Effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change (contractions and oxytocin release during childbirth -> increases contractions and oxytocin hormones) - Most systems supporting homeostasis operative by negative feedback - Positive feedback is stimulatory, there are only a few situations where this is beneficial (childbirth and blood clotting) • More often, positive feedback is harmful (high fever continuous to rise)