LO1 Flashcards
Cardiovascular System (151 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the blood?
A
transport
temperature regualation
exchange of materials with body tissues
preventing infection
blood clotting
2
Q
True or False: The heart has four chambers.
A
True
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The two upper chambers of the heart are called ______.
A
atria
4
Q
What are the names of the two lower chambers of the heart?
A
Ventricles
5
Q
Multiple Choice: Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
A
Aorta
6
Q
What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?
A
To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
7
Q
True or False: The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs.
A
True
8
Q
What is the function of valves in the heart?
A
To prevent the backflow of blood.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ system regulates the heart rate.
A
nervous
10
Q
Multiple Choice: Which part of the heart is known as the pacemaker?
A
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
11
Q
What is blood pressure?
A
The force of blood against the walls of the arteries.
12
Q
True or False: A normal resting heart rate for adults is typically between 60 to 100 beats per minute.
A
True
13
Q
What does the term ‘cardiac cycle’ refer to?
A
The sequence of events in a single heartbeat.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ circulation transports blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
A
systemic
15
Q
Which condition is characterized by the narrowing of coronary arteries?
A
Coronary heart disease
(CHD)
16
Q
What is the function of red blood cells?
A
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.
17
Q
True or False: Platelets are involved in blood clotting.
A
True
18
Q
What is the significance of the coronary circulation?
A
It supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the muscular layer of the heart.
A
myocardium
20
Q
Which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?
A
Veins
21
Q
What is the role of capillaries?
A
To facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
22
Q
True or False: The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.
A
True
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the outer layer of the heart.
A
pericardium
24
Q
Which factor can increase heart rate?
A
Exercise
25
26
True or False: Hypertension refers to low blood pressure.
False
27
What is meant by 'stroke volume'?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.
28
Fill in the blank: The ______ node is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses through the heart.
atrioventricular (AV)
29
Which lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Regular physical activity
Losing weight if obese
Not drinking excessive alcohol
-other acceptable answers
30
What does the term 'myocardial infarction' refer to?
A heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.
31
True or False: Cholesterol is only harmful to cardiovascular health.
False
32
What is the importance of maintaining a healthy diet for cardiovascular health?
To lower the risk of heart disease and maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
33
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur during one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles.
34
True or False: The cardiac cycle consists of two main phases, systole and diastole.
True
35
Fill in the blank: During diastole, the heart __________.
relaxes and fills with blood
36
What occurs during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle?
During systole, the heart contracts to pump blood out of the chambers.
37
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cardiac cycle? A) Atrial systole B) Ventricular diastole C) Pulmonary circulation D) Ventricular systole
C) Pulmonary circulation
38
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the cardiac cycle?
The SA node acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulses that trigger heartbeats.
39
True or False: Blood pressure is highest during diastole.
False
40
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?
Cardiac output
41
Fill in the blank: The __________ valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.
atrioventricular
42
Multiple Choice: Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? A) Right atrium B) Left atrium C) Right ventricle D) Left ventricle
B) Left atrium
43
What does ECG stand for?
Electrocardiogram
44
True or False: An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart.
True
45
Fill in the blank: The ECG provides a graphical representation of the heart's _______.
electrical activity
46
What are the three main components of an ECG waveform?
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
47
Which part of the ECG waveform represents atrial depolarization?
P wave
48
Multiple Choice: What does the QRS complex represent?
C) Ventricular depolarization
49
Short Answer: Name one common use of an ECG.
To diagnose heart conditions
50
What does the T wave indicate in an ECG?
Ventricular repolarization
51
True or False: An ECG can be performed without any electrodes attached to the skin.
False
52
Fill in the blank: An abnormal ECG can indicate problems such as _______ or _______.
arrhythmias, heart attacks
53
What are the three main types of blood vessels in the human body?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
54
True or False: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
True.
55
Fill in the blank: The primary function of _____ is to exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.
capillaries.
56
What is the main difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
57
What type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?
Capillaries.
58
Multiple Choice: Which blood vessel is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood in the body? A) Veins B) Arteries C) Capillaries
B) Arteries.
59
What is the largest artery in the human body?
The aorta.
60
True or False: Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
True.
61
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a network of blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
coronary circulation.
62
What is the primary role of the pulmonary arteries?
To carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
63
Multiple Choice: Which of the following blood vessels carries blood back to the heart? A) Aorta B) Pulmonary vein C) Artery
B) Pulmonary vein.
64
What are the two circuits of blood flow in the human body?
The systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit.
65
True or False: Capillaries are involved in the exchange of gases.
True.
66
Fill in the blank: Blood in the _____ is typically low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
veins.
67
What is the function of the valves in veins?
To prevent the backflow of blood.
68
Multiple Choice: Which type of blood vessel has a thicker muscular wall? A) Capillaries B) Veins C) Arteries
C) Arteries.
69
What is the role of the vena cava?
To carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
70
True or False: Blood pressure is highest in veins.
False.
71
Fill in the blank: The _____ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
pulmonary vein.
72
What type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
Capillaries.
73
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
74
True or False: The lymphatic system is a closed circuit like the circulatory system.
False
75
Fill in the blank: The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the __________ response.
immune
76
What are lymph nodes?
Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and store white blood cells.
77
Which vessels are responsible for carrying lymph away from tissues?
Lymphatic vessels
78
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system? A) Lymph B) Spleen C) Heart D) Lymph nodes
C) Heart
79
What is lymph?
A clear fluid that contains lymphocytes, proteins, and waste products.
80
True or False: The spleen is part of the lymphatic system.
True
81
What role do lymphatic capillaries play in the lymphatic system?
They absorb interstitial fluid from tissues to form lymph.
82
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the largest lymphatic organ in the body.
spleen
83
What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
To mature T-cells, which are vital for the immune response.
84
Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is primarily found in lymph? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Lymphocytes D) Monocytes
C) Lymphocytes
85
What is the role of the tonsils in the lymphatic system?
To trap and destroy pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.
86
True or False: The lymphatic system can help in the absorption of dietary fats.
True
87
What is edema?
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.
88
Fill in the blank: The lymphatic system helps maintain __________ balance in the body.
fluid
89
What is the significance of the thoracic duct?
It is the largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the bloodstream.
90
Multiple Choice: Which condition is associated with lymphatic system dysfunction? A) Hypertension B) Lymphoma C) Diabetes D) Osteoporosis
B) Lymphoma
91
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
It transports lymph containing lymphocytes and other immune cells to sites of infection.
92
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
93
True or False: Hypertension is often referred to as the 'silent killer.'
True
94
What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure?
Normal systolic blood pressure is typically less than 120 mmHg.
95
Fill in the blank: A reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher is classified as _______.
hypertension
96
What are two main types of hypertension?
Primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension.
97
What lifestyle factor can contribute to hypertension?
Obesity, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
98
What is the role of sodium in hypertension?
Excessive sodium intake can lead to increased blood pressure.
99
True or False: Hypertension can be managed through medication and lifestyle changes.
True
100
What is one common medication used to treat hypertension?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
101
What is a common symptom of hypertension?
Often, there are no symptoms, but some may experience headaches or nosebleeds.
102
What is the recommended maximum daily sodium intake to help manage hypertension?
Less than 2,300 mg per day.
103
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension? A) Age B) Regular exercise C) Family history D) High salt diet
B) Regular exercise
104
What is the relationship between stress and hypertension?
Chronic stress may contribute to high blood pressure.
105
Short Answer: Name one dietary approach to stop hypertension.
The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension).
106
Fill in the blank: The medical term for high blood pressure is _______.
hypertension
107
What is the effect of smoking on blood pressure?
Smoking can temporarily increase blood pressure and damage blood vessels.
108
True or False: Hypertension can lead to serious health complications such as heart disease.
True
109
What lifestyle change can help reduce hypertension?
Increasing physical activity.
110
What is the significance of regular blood pressure monitoring?
It helps in detecting hypertension early and managing it effectively.
111
What is one psychological factor that can influence hypertension?
Anxiety.
112
What is angina?
Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
113
True or False: Angina is a disease.
False: Angina is a symptom of an underlying heart condition.
114
What are the two main types of angina?
Stable angina and unstable angina.
115
Fill in the blank: Stable angina typically occurs during __________.
physical activity or stress.
116
What triggers unstable angina?
Unstable angina can occur at rest or with minimal exertion and is often unpredictable.
117
What is the primary cause of angina?
The primary cause of angina is coronary artery disease (CAD).
118
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common symptom of angina? A) Nausea B) Chest pain C) Fever
B) Chest pain
119
What does the term 'ischemia' refer to in the context of angina?
Ischemia refers to insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to pain.
120
True or False: Angina can lead to a heart attack.
True: Unstable angina can increase the risk of a heart attack.
121
What lifestyle changes can help manage angina symptoms?
Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress.
122
Fill in the blank: Angina is often described as a feeling of __________.
pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest.
123
What is the role of nitroglycerin in treating angina?
Nitroglycerin helps to dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart.
124
What diagnostic test is commonly used to evaluate angina?
An exercise stress test or a coronary angiography.
125
Multiple Choice: Which medication class is often prescribed for angina? A) Antibiotics B) Antidepressants C) Beta-blockers
C) Beta-blockers
126
What is the significance of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification?
It classifies the severity of angina based on the level of physical activity that triggers symptoms.
127
True or False: Angina symptoms are always the same for every individual.
False: Symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
128
What is the main purpose of cardiac rehabilitation for angina patients?
To improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of future heart problems.
129
Fill in the blank: Angina is often mistaken for __________.
heartburn or indigestion.
130
What are common risk factors for developing angina?
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle.
131
What is the primary goal of angina management?
To relieve symptoms and prevent complications such as heart attacks.
132
What is a heart attack?
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.
133
True or False: Heart attacks can only occur in older adults.
False
134
Name one common symptom of a heart attack.
Chest pain or discomfort
135
What is the medical term for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
136
Fill in the blank: A heart attack can lead to _______ if not treated promptly.
death
137
Which of the following is a risk factor for heart attack? (A) High blood pressure (B) Regular exercise (C) Healthy diet
A) High blood pressure
138
What lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of heart attack?
Quitting smoking
139
True or False: Stress can contribute to the risk of a heart attack.
True
140
What does CPR stand for?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
141
How can aspirin help during a heart attack?
Aspirin can thin the blood and help restore blood flow to the heart.
142
What is the primary goal of treatment during a heart attack?
To restore blood flow to the heart as quickly as possible.
143
Fill in the blank: _______ is a procedure that opens blocked arteries during a heart attack.
Angioplasty
144
What lifestyle factor is associated with the highest risk of heart attack?
Obesity
145
Name one sign that someone may be having a heart attack.
Shortness of breath
146
What is the role of a defibrillator in a cardiac emergency?
To restore a normal heart rhythm.
147
True or False: Heart attacks only affect men.
False
148
What is a common treatment after a heart attack?
Cardiac rehabilitation
149
What is the purpose of cholesterol-lowering medications?
To reduce the risk of heart disease and heart attacks.
150
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a heart attack? (A) Nausea (B) Severe headache (C) Cold sweat
B) Severe headache
151
What is the impact of diabetes on heart attack risk?
Diabetes increases the risk of heart attacks.
