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Anotomy > Lo1 > Flashcards

Lo1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Name 4 white blood cell

A

Leucocytes
Lymphocytes - B-cells and T-cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes

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3
Q

What is the aorta

A

Main artery

Carries some-oxygenated blood

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary artery

A

Carried de-oxygenated blood to the lungs

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5
Q

What is the vena cava

A

Largest vein in the body

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6
Q

What is the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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7
Q

Give the 4 values in the heart

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Aortic valve
Pulmonary

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary circulatory system

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

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9
Q

What is the systemic circulatory system

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps to the body

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10
Q

Give the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Complete cardiac diastole

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11
Q

What is the atrial systole

A

Contraction of the right and left ventricle

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12
Q

What is the ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

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13
Q

What is the complete cardiac diastole

A

Relaxation of the atria and ventricles

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14
Q

Where is the SA node

A

Upper wall in the right atrium of the heart

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15
Q

What’s the role of the SA node

A

Known as the pace maker and responsible for setting the rhythm
Ensures both the atria contract simultaneously

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16
Q

Where is the AV node

A

Bottom right atrium of the heart

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17
Q

What’s the role of the AV node

A

Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses it received from the SA node allowing time for the blood to empty out the atria into the ventricles

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18
Q

What are purkinji fibres

A

Cardiac muscle that rapidly transmit impulses

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19
Q

What does the P waves in a ECG show

A

Atrial contraction

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20
Q

What do ORS waves in a ECG show

A

Ventricular contraction (systole)

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21
Q

What does T waves in a ECG show

A

Ventricles relaxing (diastole)

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22
Q

What are arteries ?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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23
Q

What are veins

A

Blood flowing is not under pressure

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

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24
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels, exchange material like water, carbon dioxide and oxygen

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25
What does the lymph system contain
``` Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Lymph organs Bone marrow ```
26
What is the role of the lymphatic system
Drainage and filtration system Removed excess fluid from body tissue Produces white blood cells
27
What is hydrostatic pressure
Pressure from the heart contractions that force water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out through the capillaries walls
28
What’s hypertension
High blood pressure
29
What are caused of hypertension
``` Age Family history High salt intake Lack of exercise Being overweight Smoking regularly ```
30
What medication can treat hypertension
ACE inhibitors- lies the blood pressure | Beta blockers- slows the heart rate
31
What causes coronary heart disease
Build up for fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart
32
Cerebral cortex
Outmost layer of the brain | Responsible for thinking, processing sensory information from the brain
33
Cerebellum
Co-ordinates and regulates muscle activity | Maintain balance
34
Frontal lobe
Carry out higher level mental processes such and think and decision making
35
Corpus callousm
Connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication
36
Hypothalamus
Responsible for the mainatice of body temperature
37
Medulla
Carried out and regulates functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
38
Meninges
Protects from infection surrounds the brain
39
Larynx
Connects the back of the nose and the trachea
40
Intercostal muscles
Muscles found between the ribs
41
Pleural membranes
Cover the outside of the lungs and line the inside of the chest wall
42
Inspiration
Ribcage upwards and outwards Diaphragm flattens inwards Increase in volume and decrease in pressure
43
Expiration
Diaphragm into a dome shape | Intercostal muscled pull ribcage inwards and downwards
44
Where does cellular respiration take place
Mitochondria
45
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen - co2 + water + 32 ATP
46
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose - pyruvate -lactate
47
Ball and socket joint
Hip and shoulder
48
Pivot
Neck
49
Hinge
Elbow and knee
50
Sliding and gliding
Wrist and ankle
51
Fixed
Cranium and pelvis
52
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
53
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
54
Synovial capsule
Secrètes synovial fluid and maintain joint stability
55
Synovial fluid
Lubricates and nourishes the joints
56
Autonomic system
Controls and regulated processes such as heart rate
57
Peripheral nervous system
All nervous outside the CNS
58
Pancreases
Situated near the stomach and produces insulin
59
Pituitary gland
Master gland
60
Thyroid
Affects growth and sustain metabolism
61
Cortex
Outer layer of the kidneys
62
Calyx
Urine passes through
63
Ureters
Tube that carries urine from kidneys to bladder
64
Ultrafiltration
When metabolic waste separated from the blood and urine is formed
65
Deamination
Results in the production of ammonia
66
Detoxification
Converts ammonia into urea and breaks down alcohol and removing It from the blood
67
Homesostasis
Maintenance of constant internal environment
68
What’s mechanical digestion
Physically broken down into smaller pieces through your teeth
69
What’s chemical digestion
Broken down by enzymes so can be absorbed by blood
70
What is bile
Emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acids | Stored in the gallbladder
71
Adaptions of villi
Microvilli to Increase surface area Large network of capillaires Lacteal which transport products for fat absorption
72
Assimilation
Movement of digested good molecules into cells of the body
73
Biological explanation of asthma
Inflammation of the bronchi
74
Causes of asthma
Expose to smoking when a child Triggers such as dust and air pollution Born prematurely
75
Biological explanation of asthma
Airways in lungs become inflamed and narrows, alveoli get permanently damaged
76
Causes of emphysema
Smoking
77
Biological explanation for cystic fibrosis
Defect on the chromosome 7 gene that control movement of salt and water. Causes a build up of mucas on lungs and digestive system
78
Causes of cystic fibrosis
Both parents have a mutated gene due to a ressesive allé
79
How to monitor asthma
Spirometry | Peak flow
80
Treatments for asthma
``` Reliever inhaler (blue ) Prevented inhaler (brown ) ```
81
How to diagnose emphysema
MRi and CT
82
Monitor emphysema
Spirometry
83
Treatment for emphysema
``` Stopping smoking Physio therapy Oxygen therapy Medication- antibiotics Surgery ```
84
IBS biological explanation
Food moves too quickly or too slowly through the digestive system
85
Causes of IBS
Linked to a increase sensitivity of the gut
86
How to monitor IBS
Ultrasound | Gastroscopy
87
Biological explanation for coeliac disease
Autoimmune condition, immune system fights infection and attacks part of the body causing damage to the Villi so nutrients can’t be absorbed
88
Causes of coeliac disease
Genetics
89
BiologicL explanation for gallstones
High level of cholesterol inside the gall bladder Unusually high amour of bilirubin Leads to tiny crystals to form in the bile
90
Causes of gallstones
Imbalance in the chemical make up of bile inside the gall bladder Overweight and older
91
How to monitor gallstones
Ultrasound | Cholangraphy- use of dye in bloodstream
92
How to treat gallstones
Lithotripsy
93
How to monitor coeliac deases
Ultrasound | Gastroscopy
94
Osteoporosis
Loss of protein matrix leading to a loss in bone density, leading to them becoming brittle
95
Causes of osteoporosis
Ageing Family history Eating disorder Lack of oestrogen
96
How to monitor osteoporosis
Dexa scan which measures calcium levels | Blood tests
97
Treatments for osteoporosis
Taking calucium and viamin D Hormone replacement therapy Physio therapy
98
Osteoarthritis
Wear and tear of the joints, loss of cartilage leading to bone becoming inflamed
99
Causes of osteoarthritis
Wear and tear Being overweight After an injury of operation
100
How to treat osteoarthritis
Medication - steroids, painkillers Physio therapy- joint manipulation Surgery- arthroscopy, arthroplastie (joint replacement)
101
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune system mistakenly attack cells that line the joints, leading to synovial membrane becoming inflamed so scar tissue replaces cartilage and the joints become misshapen and rigid
102
Causes of rheumatoid arthritis
Not known but an infection can trigger the condition
103
What is a ischadmic stroke
Blood clot
104
Haemorrhaging stroke
Blood vessel in skull bursts
105
Causes of strokes
High blood pressure | Lifestyle factors
106
Treatment for a stroke
Medication- alteplases (dissolves clots) - warfarin (anticoagulant) Surgery- surgical stents

Anotomy (1 decks)

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