Lo1: Skeletal System

Question 1

What is the skeletal system made up of?

Answer 1

It’s made up of bones, cartilage and joints. Without the system, humans would be shapeless heaps of muscle and tissue, unable to get up off the floor.

Question 2

Axial skeleton

Answer 2

Made up of 80 bones. This includes skull,thorax, ribcage and vertebral column

Question 3

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

Made up of 126 bones that are connected to the axial skeleton. This includes tibia, fibia, ulna and femur.

Question 4

Long bones

Answer 4

90 bones in the body. This includes femur, humerous, clavicle and phalanges

Question 5

Short bones

Answer 5

28 bones in the body. This includes talus and carpals

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

36 bones in the body. This includes nasal bone, scapula, sternum and hip

Question 7

Sesamoid bones

Answer 7

4 bones in the body. This includes patella, hallux (big toe)

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

48 bones in the body. This includes thorax, vertebrae, palatine and coccyx

Question 9

Funtion of the skeletal system- attachment

Answer 9

Parts of the skeleton provide a surface for muscle to attach to for movement

Question 10

Function of skeletal system- protection

Answer 10

Protects the vital tissues and organs in the body (brain, heart and lungs)

Question 11

Function of skeletal system- production

Answer 11

Bones contain marrow which produces blood cells

Question 12

Function of the skeletal system- support

Answer 12

Provides bodyshape and supports soft tissue of the body.

Question 13

Function of the skeletal system- store

Answer 13

The bones store key minerals for the body’s growth.

Question 14

What is a fixed joint?

Answer 14

Known as a fibrous or immoveable. There is no joint cavity, but the bones are held together by fibrous tissue. Examples- skull or pelvis

Question 15

What is slightly moveable/cartilaginous?

Answer 15

It’s linked by a cartilage, there is some slight movement. Examples- between the vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

Question 16

What is a freely moveable/synovial joint?

Answer 16

Joints which are free to move but must consist of 2 or more bones, contains synovial fluid surrounded by a synovial membrane

Question 17

Saddle joint

Answer 17

Found at the base of the thumb. Allows the thumb to be moved in 2 directions. For example, backwards and forwards and from side to side. The surface is concave and convex.

Question 18

Gliding joints

Answer 18

Movements over a flat surface in all directions but movement restricted by ligaments or a bony prominence. For example, carpals and tarsals or wrist and ankles.

Question 19

Pivot joints

Answer 19

Found in the neck. Rotation of one bone around another. Part of the bone fits into another ring of bones as intake atlas and axis, allowing rotation of the head.

Question 20

Hinge joints

Answer 20

The range of movement is limited to one directions/one plane such as a door hinge. Found at the elbow and knee.

Question 21

Ellipsoid joints

Answer 21

Similar to a ball and socket joint, but they join differently with a bump joining from one bone into a hollow formed by the other bone. Movement is limited. Found at the wrist and ankle.

Question 22

Ball and socket joints.

Answer 22

A round end at bone fits into a cup-shaped socket in the other bone. Found in the shoulder and the hip. Designed to allow a wide range of movement.

Question 23

Structure of synovial joint (synovial membrane)

Answer 23

Layer that lines the synovial joint producing fluid.

Question 24

Structure of synovial joint (pads of fat)

Answer 24

acts as friction reducers. In the knee, they fill the space below the patella and the ends of the femur and tibia.

Question 25

Structure of synovial joint (ligaments)

Answer 25

Holds 2 ends of bone together.

Question 26

Structure of synovial joint (menisci)

Answer 26

Pads of tissue thar lie between articular cartilage and synovial fluid.

Question 27

Structure of synovial joint (synovial fluid)

Answer 27

Thick white fluid that helps to reduce friction in a joint.

Question 28

Structure of synovial joint (joint capsules)

Answer 28

Protective layers around a joint.

Question 29

Structure of synovial joint (bursae)

Answer 29

Small sacks filled with fluid. Located where skin, ligaments or bones cause friction.

Question 30

Structure of a synovial joint (articulate/hyaline cartilage)

Answer 30

Hard/smooth and bluish/white in colour. Covering the ends of the bones where they meet. The smooth and glossy consistency enables bones to move against each other without friction

Question 31

Joint movement (flexion and extension)

Answer 31

The bending of a joint where the bones are brought closer together or moved apart.

Question 32

Joint movement (lateral flexion)

Answer 32

Refers specifically to the spine, related to bending from side to side.

Question 33

Joint movement (abduction and adduction)

Answer 33

The movement of a body part away and towards the midline of the body.

Question 34

Joint movement (horizontal abduction and adduction and flexion and extension)

Answer 34

Refers specifically to ball and socket joints.

Question 35

Joint movement (medial and lateral rotation)

Answer 35

Refers to ball and socket joints, movement away and towards the midline of the body.

Question 36

Joint movement (circumduction)

Answer 36

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

Question 37

Joint movement (pronation and supination)

Answer 37

Refers to the radio ulna joint.

Question 38

Joint movement (dorsi flexion and plantar flexion)

Answer 38

Refers to the ankle joint, pointing foot and toes towards the ground and up towards the tibia.

Question 39

Joint movement (structure and function of the vertebral column)

Answer 39

Cervical Thoratic Lumbar Sacrum (fused) Coccyx (fused) Role in movement is important to the way we walk and interact with our environment

Question 40

Short term effects

Answer 40

The increased production of synovial fluid within joints. This reduces the impact of exercise on the joint and helps to increase the range of movement (rom). This is the reason why we participate in a warm-up prior to exercise, especially if high-impact activities. High impact physical activity can increase the risk of injury to joints and bones.

Question 41

Long term effects

Answer 41

Physical activity can improve your bone density, increasing the strength of ligaments of the joints associated with them. Increased body density can help to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Long-term, repetitive physical activity can cause stress fractures in bones. Some activities such as lifting weights that are too heavy may cause issues with lower back pain.