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Food Prep A Level 🍉🥯🥓🧁 > Lo2- Lipids And Fats 🥓🫒🍕 > Flashcards

Lo2- Lipids And Fats 🥓🫒🍕 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Lipids soluble in water?

A

No they’re insoluble in water

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2
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Solvents such as alcohol and ether

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3
Q

What do lipids include?

A

. Fats (triglycerides)
. Fatty acids
. Waxes + sterols e.g cholesterol
. Also compound lipids ➡️ lipids attached to another chemical compound e.g lipoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids ( lecithin in egg yolk)➡️ all found in animal or plant cells

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4
Q

When is ‘fat’ + ‘oil’ used?

A

When discussing food prep+ diet

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5
Q

When is ‘lipid’ used?

A

When discussing metabolism ( chemical processes) involving fats in body

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6
Q

How much energy is in a gram of fat?

A

9kcal - most energy dense nutrient ➡️ x2 protein or carbs

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7
Q

Is eating fat essential for the diet?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A
  1. Concentrated energy source
  2. Provides fat to keep body warm
  3. Protects vital organs
  4. Essential component for cell membranes
  5. Provides fat soluble vitamins
  6. Provides essential fatty acids - linoleic acid (omega 6) and alpha linoleic acid (omega 3)
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9
Q

What do fats include?

A

Fats + oils

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10
Q

What state are fats usually in at room temperature?

A

Tend to be solid at room temperature

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11
Q

What state are oils in at room temperature?

A

Tend to be liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

What are the functions of fats in food?

A
  1. Enhancing flavour
  2. Enhancing texture
  3. Enhancing aroma
  4. Crispness of food
  5. Tenderness of food
  6. Used to enrich food products
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13
Q

What can fats also help with in terms of digestion?

A

. Gastric emptying as fatty food take longer to digest ➡️ prevent hunger sensations for longer so person feels satisfied + fuller for longer

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14
Q

What is fat divided into?

A

Saturated + unsaturated fats

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15
Q

Is fat a triglyceride?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

What are fatty acids made up of?

A

Chains of carbon + hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

How many different fatty acids are there in food?

A

16

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19
Q

What can fatty acids be broken down into?

A

Single or double bonds

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20
Q

What are the different types of bonding in fats?

A

. Saturated
. Mono- unsaturated
. Polyunsaturated

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21
Q

What do saturated fats contain?

A

Many saturated fatty acids

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22
Q

Do saturated fats have a double bond?

A

Have no double bonds between carbon atoms in carbon chain

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23
Q

Are saturated fats usually solid at room temperature?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Are saturated fats very stable?

A

Yes and they are unlikely to react with other chemicals

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25
What shape do saturated fats have?
Packed closely together due to linear shape ➡️ rigid structure
26
What are some sources of saturated fats?
. Cheese . Milk . Bacon . Butter . Coconut oil
27
Do saturated fats have missing hydrogen atoms?
No
28
Do unsaturated fats have some hydrogen atoms missing?
Yes
29
When is formed in unsaturated fats when a hydrogen atom is missing?
A double bond between 2 atoms in the chain . Bend or curve in otherwise straight carbon chains ➡️ allows movement as cannot be packed together
30
Are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
Yes
31
What are the 2 groups of unsaturated fats?
1. Mono- unsaturated fatty acids 2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
32
How many double bonds do mono- unsaturated fatty acids have?
One . Prefix ‘mono’ means one
33
What are some sources of mono- unsaturated fatty acids?
. Avocados . Cashews . Peanuts . Olive oil ➡️ oelic acid ➡️ 18 carbon atoms + chains ➡️ one double bond between 9th + 10th atom ➡️ clear liquid at room temp but when chilled may become cloudy + solidify
34
Is the double bond a weakness for mono- unsaturated fatty acids?
Yes - makes it unstable + unlikely to chemically react .double bond creates opportunity for oxidation
35
How many double bonds do polyunsaturated fatty acids contain?
2 or more . Prefix ‘poly’ means 2 or more
36
What are some sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
. Corn . Soya . Sunflower oils
37
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids most likely to react with?
Oxygen due to double bonds in chain which reduce stability of molecule . Tend to go rancid when exposed to air + sunlight for long periods of time ➡️ oxidation . Repeated exposure to high temperatures increase oxidative damage
38
What can polyunsaturated fatty acids be divided into?
. Omega . Number for omega indicates location of first double bond at one end of chain . Essential fatty acids = omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids
39
What are some properties of trans fatty acids?
1. Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of double bonds 2. Prefix ‘trans’ means across 3. More linear appearance like saturated fats = UNHEALTHY
40
What are some properties of cis fatty acids?
1. Hydrogen atoms both on same side of molecule 2. Looks like it’s bent in shape like unsaturated fats = HEALTHY
41
What is hydrogenation?
Used to turn vegetable oil ➡️ solid substance
42
What does hydrogenation do to shelf life?
Improves shelf life + reduces likelihood of oxygenation
43
What are the vegetable oils hardened with?
Hydrogen gas
44
What happens to the bonds during hydrogenation?
Double bonds ➡️ single bonds UNSATURATED fats ➡️ SATURATED fats
45
What type of oil is made from hydrogenation?
Partially hydrogenated oil➡️ used in baking, processed foods including fat spreads + cakes
46
What can artificially created trans fats lead to an increase in?
Coronary heart disease
47
Where do small amounts of natural trans fats occur?
In milk + beef . Not seen as being unhealthy compared to artificial trans fats
48
How does hydrogenation change the molecular structure?
Hydrogen gas + UNSATURATED FAT MOLECULE ➡️ removal of the double bond TRANS FATTY ACID
49
Which 2 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for health?
1. Linoleic acid ➡️ Omega 6 2. Alpha Linoleic acid ➡️ Omega 3
50
Can the body manufacture omega 3 and 6?
No, they must be consumed in the diet
51
What are essential fatty acids converted into?
1. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 2. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
52
What are some sources of Omega 3 (Alpha Linoleic acid)?
1. Green leafy vegetables 2. Walnuts 3. Soya beans 4. Grains 5. Rapeseed oil
53
What are some sources of omega 6 (linoleic acid)?
1. Found in oils - sunflower, corn, soya 2. Cold water 3. Oily fish - tuna, salmon, sardines
54
What is cholesterol?
A type of fat that does not produce energy
55
Where is cholesterol found?
In all animal + tissue cells . Not found in plants or vegetables
56
What is cholesterol essential for?
1.structure of cell membranes 2. Production of bile for absorption of fats 3. Essential component of many hormones 4. Vitamin D
57
Where is cholesterol produced?
In the liver
58
How is cholesterol transported around body?
By proteins called lipoproteins
59
What are the 2 types of lipoproteins?
1. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) 2. High density lipoproteins (HDL)
60
What is Low Density Lipoproteins also known as?
Bad cholesterol
61
Do Low Density Lipoproteins make up most of body’s cholesterol?
Yes
62
What do high levels of Low density lipoproteins raise risk of?
. Heart disease+ strokes ➡️ clogs up arteries by plague ➡️ narrows coronary arteries
63
What are some sources of low density lipoproteins?
Foods that contain saturated fats ➡️ beef, bacon, milk
64
What are High Density lipoproteins also known as?
Good cholesterol
65
What is the function of high density lipoproteins?
Absorbs cholesterol in blood+ carries it back to liver . Liver then flushes it from body
66
What can high levels of high density lipoproteins prevent?
Lower risk of heart disease + stroke
67
What are some sources of high density lipoproteins?
Foods that contain unsaturated fats ➡️ avocado, olives, fish, nuts, pulses

Food Prep A Level 🍉🥯🥓🧁 (9 decks)

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