LO3 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Give example of regulations and safeguard
A
- BSI: The Kite Mark
- The CE Mark
2
Q
What does the BSI Kite Mark certify?
A
Certifies that a product is:
* Safe
* Tested
* Value for money
* Reliable & Trusted
3
Q
Where is the BSI Kite Mark found?
A
- On products where safety is very important
e.g. helmets and smoke alarms.
4
Q
What does the CE Mark certify?
A
Certifies that a product:
* Complies with EU guidelines/laws.
* Can be sold in the EU
* Electrical products are sustainable
* Toys are safe to use
5
Q
Where is the CE Mark found?
A
- Found lots of products, mainly electrical items and toys.
6
Q
Why are symbols used on products?
A
- Alert you to hazards
- You know it’s been tested
- Shows it is a high standard
7
Q
What is the purpose of the symbol found on electrical items? (bin with cross)
A
- This symbol explains that you should not place the electrical item in the general waste, must be recycled by law
- This is because of hazardous materials inside electricals
e.g. lead, copper. batteries - Electrical items can be recycled through a number of channels.
ADVANTAGES - It limits the waste going into landfills
- Prevents toxic items in landfills
- Makes people recycle more
8
Q
What is the purpose of the not suitable for children sign? (baby in red no sign)
A
- Shows the user that the product is not suitable for children under 3 years
- Keeps children safe
9
Q
What is the purpose of the energy efficiency label? (different letter&colour tiers)
A
- These labels should be found on electronic products to show how energy efficient they are.
* Informs customers how energy efficient it is - How much energy it uses
- Encourages customers to pick products which are more efficient (more sustainable)
10
Q
What is the purpose of the recyclable sign? (mobius loop)
A
- Recyclable material symbol shows you can recycle the product
11
Q
What is the purpose of the flammable sign?
A
- Flammable contents
* Warning: The product or material used is flammable.
12
Q
What is the purpose of the UKCA sign?
A
- UK Conformity Assessed
- Manufacturer declaration that product meets all relevant UK laws.
- Equivalent of CE mark in EU.
13
Q
How can designers ensure that products are safe?
A
- Test products
- Use non-toxic materials
- Use non-hazardous coatings/finishes
14
Q
How can designers ensure that products used by children are safe?
A
- No small parts or sharp edges
- Big enough to avoid choking
- No sharp edges
- Won’t break/snap
15
Q
Why is it important for products to be safe before going on sale?
A
- No one gets injured
- Must meet regulations so it can be sold
- Products must be fit for purpose
- If someone was injured, the manufacturer is to blame
16
Q
What is the purpose of copyright and how long does it last for?
A
- Prevents people from copying a design, product, books, pieces of art or music.
- Gives you a registered number for proof of ownership
- Protects the product etc. for the maker’s lifetime plus 70 years.
- You can sell the design or allow others to use it
17
Q
What is the purpose of a patent and how long does it last for?
A
- Protects an idea, invention or new technology from being copied.
- Protects it for up to 20 years to stop people copying it.
- You can take legal action against people who copy them.
18
Q
What is the purpose of a trademark and how long does it last for?
A
- Both of the symbols shown can be used to represent that a brand/logo/slogan has a trademark.
- Stops people copying a brand, logo or slogan
- You own it and can sell it
- You can take legal action against people who copy them.
- Can last forever as long as it keeps being renewed.
19
Q
What is the purpose of a registered design and how long does it last for?
A
- Protects the shape and appearance of a design
- Stops other companies from copying the design by registering that design to a person or a company
- You can take legal action against people who copy them.
- Registered designs only apply in the country it was designed in.
- Has to be renewed every 5 years up to 25 years.
20
Q
Why do designers often base new ideas on older products which have been successful?
A
- Already have a good customer base -> They will sell!
- Iconic - Represent good design
- Recognisable
- “Retro” designs are fashionable
- New products are also likely to be successful
21
Q
Why do designs become iconic? Name examples
A
- Large sales drove demand
- Design became popular with celebrities
- Brand power of the company e.g. Apple
e.g. Dyson, iPhone, iPad, Phone box, Lego, Mini, Biro
22
Q
How does global trade influence how a product looks?
A
- Global trade means that companies and manufacturers carrying out business across the world must understand that aesthetics are interpreted in different ways in different cultures.
23
Q
Why must companies and manufacturers consider aesthetics in different cultures?
A
* Aesthetics acceptable in one country may be seen as unacceptable in another.
* When designing a product or packaging, designers often produce a variety of designs to match the preferences of the country it is being sold in.
24
Q
Give an example of cultural trends associated with colours
A
- In China, black is associated with evil, dirt, disasters and bad luck.
White is a pure colour, reflecting honesty. - Red is associated with good luck. In most other parts of the world, red represents danger.
25
Give an example of a current successful logo that has followed cultural trends
* Shell Petrol Sign developed for use in California.
* Had a Hispanic culture so red and yellow were used to represent it.
* The colours were very successful and then copied by other companies e.g. McDonald’s.
26
How are products designed nowadays?
* Products are now designed to meet new fashion trends and how people want to use them.
27
How are smart phones designed to meet fashion trends?
* Access social media easily
* Access to the internet
* Bigger screens
* Touch screen technology
28
What is the difference between cultural and fashion trends?
* Culture is related to values and beliefs.
e.g. the use of colours and colour schemes - red in China symbolises wealth.
* Fashion trends change over time and are based on what is currently popular.
e.g. the style and size of headphones
29
Define market pull
* There is a public demand for a product to be designed and made.
e.g. The market (people) are asking (pulling) for a new product.
30
Give an example of market pull
* Market pull has meant designers need to come up with more sustainable products
e.g. Recycling organisers, energy efficient products (to also keep costs low)
31
Define technology push
* Advances in technology allow new products to be designed and made.
e.g. New technology is creating (pushing) new products.
32
Give an example of technology push
Technology push has enabled the iPhone to be developed to include:
* Thumb print recognition
* Voice recognition
* Improved camera
* Increase battery life
* Smaller phone with more features
33
What causes a market pull?
* Customer demand
* Customers want new or improved products
* New fashion trends
* Customers see competition (other products)
* Environmental pressures
* A problem arises
34
What causes a technology push?
* New discoveries in technology bring new products
* New technology is continually being researched
* Technology becomes more affordable
35
What is the difference between market pull and technological push?
Market pull
* Based on consumer demand.
* Market identified before design takes place.
e.g. Electric cars
Technological push
* Product launched to make use of new technology.
* Market does not already exist.
e.g. Smartphones, hoverboards.
36
What are new and emerging materials?
* These are materials which are being created to have less of an environmental impact
e.g. using less non-renewable resources, created using less energy etc.
37
How can new and emerging materials contribute towards a products life cycle?
* Being made from a sustainable material
* Use less energy to produce
* Be recycled
* Be reused
* Be disassembled
* Using renewable energy to make, transport and dispose of.
38
What is meant by a Life Cycle Analysis?
* Analysing each stage in the life of a product.
* Assessing impact on sustainability in order to make improvements in sustainability
39
What is a Life Cycle Analysis used for?
A Life Cycle Analysis is used to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life
40
What are the stages of a products life?
* Raw material extraction
* Materials processing
* Manufacture
* Distribution
* Use
* Repair and maintenance
* Disposal or recycling
41
Materials used
Are they sustainable?
Recyclable?
Sustainable design
Less wasted materials
Recyclable components
Production
Use CAD modelling instead
Improved technology
Energy
Use sustainable energy sources
Lower carbon footprint
Less pollution caused
PR (Advertising)
Customers will pay more for sustainable designs
Good public image
Good advertising
42
Give one example of how the Life Cycle Analysis have influenced the design of a product
The LCA points which have influenced the design of the chair:
* Must be durable and designed to last
* Plastic used is recycled
* Chair can be recycled after use
* Produced in high volumes which uses less energy per unit
* Stacked when transported which uses less fuel, causes less pollution
43
xsdsustainability
THINGS TO CONSIDER…
What RAW MATERIAL is used?
Is this a RENEWABLE or NON-RENEWABLE resource?
How much ENERGY is used
TRANSPORT involved, distance, fuel used?
POLLUTION caused by sourcing, making, transporting, disposing of?
6 R’S which apply – can it be recycled, reused?
DURABILITY – Is the product/material long lasting?
MAINTENANCE –Can the product be maintained so it can keep being used?
44
Define non renewable resource
* Once they have been used up, we cannot make them or get anymore.
45
Define resource depletion
* This is using up resources faster than they can be replaced.
* This can apply to renewable and non-renewable resources.
46
List non-renewable energy sources
* Oil
* Gas
* Coal
47
What is oil used for?
* Used to make plastics and for fuel
48
What are the disadvantages of using oil?
* Drilled from under the sea bed using lots of machinery.
* Damages animal’s habitats and causes lots of pollution.
* Large amounts of energy needed to turn oil into plastic.
* Large amounts of energy to heat and recycle plastics.
49
What is coal used for?
* Used for fuel (electricity when making products)
50
What are metal ores used for?
* Used for metal products
51
What are the disadvantages of using metal ores?
* Mined using high temperatures and lots of energy.
* High temperatures used to extract the metal from the ore.
* Large amounts of energy used to turn metal into different products.
* Lots of energy needed to heat up and recycle metals.
52
Define renewable energy
* Energy that will not run out (unlike fossil fuels).
53
List renewable energy sources
* Solar
* Wind
* Tidal
* Geothermal
* Hydroelectric
54
What are renewable energy sources?
* Renewable energy sources quickly replenish themselves and can be used again and again.
* For this reason they are sometimes called infinite energy resources.
* Using renewable energy sources saves using fossil fuels like coal and oil.
55
What is solar energy?
* Energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted into electricity.
56
What are the disadvantages of solar energy?
* Infinite energy supply
* Individual houses can have their own electricity supply.
57
What are the disadvantages of solar energy?
* Making and fitting solar panels is expensive.
58
What is wind energy?
* Wind turbines turn wind into electricity.
59
What are the advantages of wind energy?
* Usually built together in wind farms.
* Infinite energy supply.
60
What are the disadvantages of wind energy?
* The look of wind farms spoils its local surroundings.
* Making and fitting wind farms is expensive.
61
What is tidal energy?
* The movement of tides drives turbines.
* A tidal barrage (like a dam) is built across estuaries forcing water through gaps.
62
What are the advantages of tidal energy?
* Great for an island like the UK.
* Can generate lots of energy.
* Tidal barrages can double as a bridge.
* Tidal barrages help to prevent flooding.
63
What are the disadvantages of tidal energy?
* Tidal barrages are very expensive to make.
* Only a few estuaries are suitable for Tidal Barrages.
* Can have a negative impact on wildlife.
64
What is geothermal energy?
* In volcanic regions, it is possible to use the natural heat of the earth.
* Cold water is pumped under ground and comes out as steam.
* Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.
65
What are the advantages of geothermal energy?
* Infinite energy supply.
* Used successfully in some countries like New Zealand and Iceland.
66
What are the disadvantages of geothermal?
* Expensive to set up.
* Only work in areas with volcanic activity.
* If volcanic activity stops, this will leave power stations redundant.
67
What is hydroelectric power?
* Energy harnessed from the movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams.
68
What are the advantages of hydroelectric power?
* Creates water reserves.
* Creates energy supplies.
69
What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power?
* Expensive to build.
* Can cause flooding.
70
What is biomass energy?
* Made from decaying plant or animal waste.
* Organic material.
* Can be burnt to provide energy.
e.g. Rapeseed Oil (from plant)
71
What are the advantages of biomass?
* Cheap and readily available.
* Can be a long-term sustainable energy source.
72
What are the disadvantages of biomass?
* Causes pollution when burnt.
* Only renewable if crops keep being replanted.
73
sustainable design
Energy efficient designs -> Use less fossil fuels
Use renewable energy sources
Materials are renewable
Renewable energy powered vehicles for transport
Energy efficient production
Product can be disassembled and disposed of at the end of its life
Materials are easy to separate for recycling
Materials used can be recycled/reused
Maintenance -> Being able to repair a design or replace key parts rather than it be thrown away
The carbon footprint of the product is considered when designing, making and disposing of
Customers will often pay more for sustainable designs
74
Which designers should consider when designing products…
environmental pressures
Reducing the use of fossil fuels/non-renewable resources
Reducing pollution and emissions
Reducing global warming
Recycling
Minimising transportation (less distance)
Safely disposing of products
Consider the carbon footprint of a product
Causing less harm to animals and their habitats
Avoid using toxic materials
75
Define corporate branding
* Corporate branding is where a company creates a distinctive and unique look for their company and products they sell.
76
Why is corporate branding important?
* This helps customers recognise a brand and increase sales.
This could include using:
- A colour scheme
- Logo
- Slogan
- Specific text/lettering style
- Packaging design – consistent/recognisable
77
How can corporate branding be added to product design?
* Using the corporate colours
* Embossing/Printing the logo on
* Branded product packaging
78
What are the advantages of plastic moulding?
* Made in large volumes
* Cheap to make per-unit
* Quick production
* All pieces are identical
* Easy to mould complex shapes
* Can use a range of colours
* No finish needed
* No plastic is wasted during production
* Draft angles on moulds - pieces come out easily
79
What are the disadvantages of plastic moulding?
* Initial set-up costs are high – need to manufacture a lot to offset this.
80
How can new production processes impact designs of new products?
* Products can be made in one single piece
* Reduces number of parts needed
* They can be produced accurately in large numbers
* Lowers costs
81
How can renewable energy help make products more sustainable?
* Reduce / eliminate fuel use.
* Reduce / eliminate CO2emissions and other pollutants.
* Some renewable energy can be create where needed and doe n not need to be transported (e.g. solar)
Applies to:*Manufacture*While product is being used.
82
What is meant by sustainability?
Sustainability is about using resources in such a way as:
* The resources will not run out.
* Environmental damage does not occur.
83
How can a product be designed to be as sustainable as possible?
* Renewable materials.
* Locally sources materials.
* Renewable energy in manufacture.
* Long product life.
* Designed for maintenance.
* ‘Closed loop’ production: At the end of life, the product’s materials are re-used.
84
Why is a long product lifespanbetter for sustainability?
* Reduces consumption of new materials.
* Reduces waste.
85
What is the difference between recycling and reusing?
* Whole components or products are reused.
* Recycling involves reconstituting (often melting down) materials.
86
What are the problems with recycling?
* A high percentage of recyclable products do not get recycled.
* Recycled materials can lose quality.
* Recycling uses energy.
87
What are the 6 ‘R’s of sustainability?
* Recycle
* Reuse
* Repair
* Refuse (manage without)
* Reduce
* Rethink (do it a different way)
88
List what could happen to a product at the end of its life
* Reused for a new purpose.
* Upcycled to become a new and useful thing.
* Recycled.
* Biodegrade (rot down)
* Buried in land fill (bad)
89
What are the sustainability issues for nuclear power?
* No CO2produced (good).
* Lots of energy in small amounts of fuel (energy densityis good).
But...
* Fuel and waste are highly dangerous.
* Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years.
* Accidents cause radioactive contamination.
90
What are eco-materials?
* Eco materials are materials that have a much lower environmental impact that traditional materials.
*Bamboo*Hemp*Cork*Bioplastic
91
How do recycled materials help with sustainability?
* Reduce need to extract resources from the environment.
* Reduce waste.
92
What is meant by the term ‘modern materials’?
Modern materials are materials which:
* Engineered to have improved properties
* Only available since 20th century or later
93
List as many modern materials as you can.
* Titanium
* Graphene
* Aerogel
* Metal foam
Look these up and note down what is special about them
94
What is a composite material?List some composite materials?
* A composite material is a material made from more than one material combined.
*Reinforced concrete.
*Laminated glass.
*Glass reinforced polymer. (GRP)
*Carbon fibre reinforced polymer. (CFRP)
95
What is so good about composite materials?Why can they be bad for sustainability?
* Composite materials combine the best properties of their constituent materials.
*They are difficult to recycle.
96
What is a smart material?List some smart materials.
* A smart material is a material whose properties change in response to its environment
* Photochromic.
* Thermochromic
* Shape memory alloy
* MagnetostrictiveLook these up and note down what is special about them.
97
What is a photochromic pigment?
* Colour changes when exposed to light.
98
What is shape memory alloy?
* Shape memory alloy
* A metal which is ‘set’ into a shape.
* It can be temporarily deformed but will return to its ‘set’; shape when heated
99
What is a piezoelectric material?
* Shape changes (deformed) when connected to electricityOr / and
*Creates electricity when deformed.
100
What is artificial intelligence?
* Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence and discernment (judgement).
101
What is an emerging technology?
* A technology that is still being developed.
102
List emerging technologies
* Additive manufacture
* Robotic manufacturing and assembly
* Cloud computing
* Artificial intelligence
103
What is additive manufacture?
* Additive manufacturing is a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies .Often called ‘3D printing’.
104
What are the advantages of Robotic manufacturing and assembly?
* Robotic manufacturing and assembly
* Speed
* Accuracy
* Reduction in personnel costs
* Flexibility (can quickly be reprogrammed)
105
What is the main disadvantage of Robotic manufacturing and assembly?
* Robotic manufacture is very expensive to set up.
106
What is cloud computing?
* Hosting data on the internet.
* Running software on the internet (e.g. through web browser)Fusion 360 and Office 365 are examples.
107
List ways in which cloud computing is used in engineering.
* Uses of colour computing in engineering
* Continuing work at home.
* Collaborative work on a design (two engineers can work on the same model at the same time).
* A design engineer can easily share a model with a manufacturing engineer.
* Data is secured and backed-up by the provider.
108
How does fuel deposition modelling work?
* A polymer filament is passed through a heated extruder head.
* The extruder moves back and forth depositing a layer of polymer which cools and sets.
* After one layer is complete, the head moves up and begins the next layer,
109
Give an example of additive manufacture
* Fused deposition modelling
