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H+S anotmy > LO5 > Flashcards

LO5 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the axon?

A

long, thin part of the neuron which impulses are conducted away from the cell body to other cells

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2
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

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3
Q

What are the dendrons?

A

short, branched part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons

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4
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

part of the neuron which surrounds the axon
- consists of schwann cells forming an insulting layer and enables electrical impulses to transmit quickly along the nerve cells

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5
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

a gap between schwann cells that helps to speed up the nerve impulse

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6
Q

What is the function of the synapse?

A

transfers electrical activity (information) from one cell to another

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7
Q

What is a nuerotransmitter?

A

a chemical messenger that carries impulses between nerve cells, muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is the endocrine gland found in the neck called?

A

thyroid

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9
Q

What’s the type of chemical produced by endocrine glands called?

A

hormone

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the spinal cord?

A
  • has a hollow centre through which the spinal cord runs
  • it transmits information to and from the brain and body through nerves
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11
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system?

A
  • consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • takes a main role in control and coordination of most body functions
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12
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • regulates body functions that are not consciously controlled such as breathing and heart rate
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13
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord
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14
Q

What is the function of sensory and motor neurons?

A
  • sensory nerves transmit info from the senses (eyes, ears, etc) to the brain
  • motor nerves transmit info to the muscles from the brain
  • the sensory / motor nerve pathways work together, e.g when picking something up
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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • wrinkly outer layer of the brain which is responsible for processing sensory info from the body
  • it is made up of 4 lobes - all responsible for processing different types of info
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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the cerebellum?

A
  • positioned at the back of the skull
  • co-ordinates and regulates muscle acitivty (walking and writing)
  • also involved in the control of muscles to maintain balance
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17
Q

What is the function of fontal lobes?

A
  • carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking, decision making and planning
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18
Q

What is the structure and function of the corpus callosum?

A
  • a bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain
  • enables communication between the two
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19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • responsible for the maintenance of body temp
  • also regulates appetite and thirst, letting us know when we need to eat or drink
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20
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A
  • automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
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21
Q

What is the structure and function of the meninges?

A
  • 3 layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  • provide a barrier from the rest of the body and act as protection from infection
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22
Q

What is the structure of a myelin sheath?

A
  • lined with fatty substance
  • wrapped around the axon
  • layer around schwann cells
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23
Q

What are some symptoms of a stroke?

A
  • face may drop on one side
  • may not be able to lift both arms up and keep them there
  • slurred speech
  • dizziness
  • confusion
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24
Q

What is the biological explanation of an ischaemic stroke?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
  • clots form in areas where arteries are narrowed and blocked over time by plaques
25
What is the biological explanation of an haemorrhagic stroke?
- when a blood vessel in the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain
26
What is the main cause of a stroke?
high blood pressure which can weaken the arteries in the brain
27
What are some risk factors of a stroke?
- coronary heart disease - high blood pressure - stress - family history and being aged over 65
28
What are some lifestyle factors that can lead to a stroke?
- smoking - unhealthy diet - lack of excerise
29
What are some treatments for someone who has had a stroke?
- medication to treat high blood pressure - alteplase dissolves blood clots and restores blood flow - statins if chlosterol levels are too high - physiotherapy
30
How can someone be monitored after having a stroke?
- several sessions of physiotherapy a week - exercises to improve muscle strength
31
What are some symptoms of MS?
- fatique - difficulty walking - muscle stiffness
32
What is the biological explanation of MS?
- the immune system attacks the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord - this causes myelin sheath to become inflamed in pathes, which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves - this disruption leads to symptoms of MS
33
What are some possible causes of MS?
- related to someone with the condition - smoking - low vitamin D levels
34
What is the treatment for MS?
- there is no treatment - however steriod medication is used to treat relapses
35
What are some care needs of an individual with MS?
- rely on a wheelchair - recieving daily care: - speech and language therapist, physiotherapist and a specialist MS team
36
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
- the master gland that regulates all other endocrine glands
37
What is the role of the pancreas?
- situated near the stomach that produces insulin - insulin is needed to control glucose levels in the body
38
What is the role of the adrenal glands?
- two glands, one on top of each kidney - produce adrenaline which is released as a response to threat and prepares the body to fight or run
39
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
- produces thyroxine which affects growth and sustains metabolism
40
What is the role of the ovaries and testes (reproductive glands)?
- testosterone in males affect sexual development, growth of facial hair and sperm production - the ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone as well as eggs which control breast growth, menstruation and pregnancy
41
What is deamination?
- occurs in the liver during protein metabolism (breakdown) - it results in the production of ammonia - toxic waste
42
What are some functions of nephrons?
- excretion - waste products are removed from the blood by urine ultrafiltration - occurs in Bowmans capsule - hydrostatic pressure forces plasma and dissolved products out of the blood
43
What is homeostasis?
the maintanence of a constant internal environment
43
What is detoxification?
- liver converts the ammonia produced by deamination into urea - the urea is transported in the blood and removed by the kidney in urine - liver breaks down alcohol and drugs such as paracetamol
43
What are some examples of homeostasis?
- the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood - body temp maintained at 37 degrees - blood sugar levels - controlled by release and storage of glucose, which is also controlled by insulin
44
What is negative feedback mechanisms?
- if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again - if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again
45
How do negative feedback mechanisms work?
- conditions in body change - change detected - corrective mechanisms activate - conditions return to normal - corrective mechanisms
46
What happens in a synapse?
- an electrical impulse travels along an axon - this triggers the nerve-ending of a neuron to release neurotransmitters - these chemicals diffuse across synapse and transmit signals - they bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neuron
47
How does the pancreas control blood sugar levels?
- insulin produced - insulin released into blood - insulin can lower blood sugar levels
48
What are some symptoms of diabetes?
- thirsty - tired - frequent urination
49
What are some possible impacts of diabetes on a person's lifestyle?
- tired all of the time - increased risk of infection - vision loss
50
What are some functions of bile?
- breakdowns fat - neutralises stomach acid
51
Which blood vessel carries blood from the body to the kidneys?
renal artery
52
What is the cortex?
- the outer layer of the kidney
53
What is the ureter?
a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
54
what is the calyx?
a chamber that collects urine
55
What is the urethra?
a tube that passes urine out of the body
56
What are some functions of the kidney nephrons?
- osmoregulation - regulates water balance in body - excretion - waste products are removed from the blood, eg urea
57

H+S anotmy (6 decks)

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