LOC#1

Question 1

Define ‘resource’ and ‘raw material’.

Answer 1

Resource: a stock/supply of materials/energy, naturally occurring, not yet extracted/harvested/mined/drilled.

Raw material: a resource extracted from its natural state e.g. via mining/drilling/harvesting but not yet processed.

Question 2

3 examples of Fossil Fuels

Answer 2

Coal
Crude oil
Natural gas

Question 3

3 examples of Biomass

Answer 3

Wood
Cereals
Fruit and veg

Question 4

3 examples of Metals

Answer 4

Iron ores
Copper ores
Tin ores

Question 5

3 examples of Non-metallic Materials

Answer 5

Sand and gravel
Limestone
Structural clays

Question 6

Which makes up the majority of extracted resources in Australia?
Fossil fuels, Biomass, Metals, or Non-metallic materials?

Answer 6

Metals

Question 7

Name 5 of world’s top 5 mineral resources found in Australia

Answer 7

Antimony
Bauxite
Black coal
Brown coal
Cobalt

Question 8

Which Australian state has largest number of mineral resources?

Answer 8

WA

Question 9

3 examples of material resources often reported as energy resources

Answer 9

Solar
Wind
Geothermal

Question 10

Which resources met majority of global energy demand in 2020?

Answer 10

Coal
Gas
Hydro
Solar PV
Wind

Question 11

How is energy mix forecast to change in 2040?

Answer 11

Solar PV
Gas
Coal
Wind
Hydro

Question 12

What is Australia’s largest energy resource?

Answer 12

Black coal

Question 13

Top 3 sectors in Australia for energy consumption?

Answer 13

Transport
Electricity supply
Manufacturing

Question 14

Suggest how engineers can reduce energy consumption.

Answer 14

Develop more energy-efficient systems and invest in technology that better harnesses renewable energy sources.

Question 15

4 examples of raw materials

Answer 15

Water in a dam
Mined ores
Cultivated crops
Extracted crude oil

Question 16

3 examples of bulk materials

Answer 16

Metals
Chemicals
Paper

Question 17

4 examples of engineering materials

Answer 17

Crystals
Alloys
Textiles
Ceramics

Question 18

Is crude oil a resource or raw material and why?

Answer 18

Raw material because it has been extracted in its natural state but not yet processed (but specify extracted crude oil)

Question 19

Explain and example: metal

Answer 19

Typically hard, shiny and malleable solid with good thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure metals e.g. copper can sometimes be used for engineering purposes.

Question 20

Explain and example: alloy

Answer 20

Metal mixed with either other metals or non-metals. Divided into ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous.
C - most important.
Ni - steel properties.
Mo - steel properties.
Cr - corrosion resistance.

Question 21

Explain and example: glass

Answer 21

Non-crystalline ceramics

e.g. Soda-lime-glass, SiO2 + Na2O + CaO.

Question 22

Explain and example: ceramic

Answer 22

Inorganic, non-metallic materials.
Alumina Al2O3
Zirconia ZrO2
Silicon carbide SiC

Question 23

Explain and example: polymer

Answer 23

High molecular weight macromolecules, few elements, natural/synthetic.
Cellulose
Lignin
Isoprene

Question 24

Thermoplastic vs Thermosetting w. examples.

Answer 24

Thermoplastic e.g. polyethylene, polyester, PVC.
Melts in heat
Shaped at high temperatures

Thermosetting e.g. epoxy, silicone, phenolic.
Formed from liquid/solid with low MP.
Shaped by cross-linking during/after formation.

Question 25

Identify bulk/resource/processes of polyethylene.

Answer 25

Resource: oil fields, sugar cane/sugar beet. - Drill into oil fields to extract crude oil and natural gas. - Crystallise sugar from sugar cane/sugar beet juice to form molasses. Raw materials: crude oil, natural gas, molasses. - Distill crude oil to form ethylene - Crack natural gas to form ethane, and more cracking to form ethylene - Ferment molasses to form ethanol, then dehydration to form ethylene Bulk materials: ethylene To produce polyethylene: - LDPE made using high-pressure bulk polymerisation - HDPE and LLDPE made using gaseous, fluidised bed process

Question 26

Explain LCA.

Answer 26

A systematic evaluation of environmental impacts of product over life cycle. 1. RM acquisition (resource to RM) 2. Material manufacture (RM to bulk to EM) 3. Product manufacture (EM to end product) 4. Product use 5. Product disposal (inc. cost of re-use/recycling)

Question 27

2 types of LCA.

Answer 27

Cradle-to-gate: RM to end product | Cradle-to-grave: RM to disposal