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Biology- Year 11 > Local Ecosystems > Flashcards

Local Ecosystems Flashcards

0
Q

What are the characteristics of temperature in an acquisitive environment?

A
  • large variations over short periods of time
  • seasonal variations can be large, also altitude variations
  • organisms must adapt to cope with large changes
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1
Q

What are the abiotic characteristic of temperature in an acquaintance environment?

A
  • only small temperature changes occur and they are gradual
  • small bodies of water change temperature more rapidly than large bodies
  • organisms had adapted to a constant temperature and some have adapted to prevent heat loss
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of pressure on aquatic environment?

A

As depth increases pressure increases and organisms have adapted to cope with the crushing effect of pressure.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of pressure in terrestrial environments?

A

Small variations (depending on altitude; closer to sea level, lower the pressure) and small daily fluctuations due to weather.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of light availability in actuator environments?

A
  • water surface reflects much if the light (55% reaching 1m, only 1% reaches 100m)
  • when sun is high in the sky more light absorbed then at sunset
  • different coloured wavelengths absorbed to different lengths (violet goes the deepest)
  • cloud cover affects intensity, also length of time light strikes water, season, turbidity of water and latitude.
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of light availability in terrestrial environments?

A

Light abundant and clouds only reduce a small proportion.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the slope of an aquatic environment?

A

Slope and aspect of surrounding landscape affects light availability and temperature. Also affects exposure to currents, tides and waves.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of slope in terrestrial environments?

A

Affects temperature and water and lift availability. Affects runoff and erosion that have dramatic effects.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics if gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in aquatic environments?

A

Where the air and water are in close contact there is great gas availability. Movement of water allows more gasses to dissolve (eg rivers) and temperature affects amount of gases (higher temperature=more gasses).

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9
Q

Hat are the characteristics of gas availability in terrestrial environments?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are abundant.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of water and rainfall availability I aquatic environments?

A

In freshwater environments water moves into organisms freely and must be removed effectively. In marine environments water moves out of the organism and must be replaced regularly (due to osmosis). Organisms adapt according to the type of water they exist in.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of rainfall and water availability in terrestrial environments?

A

Water must be sourced from soil or consumed and organisms have adaptations to the amount of water available to them.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of salinity and ion availability (dissolved salts) in aquatic environments?

A

In marine environments most ions are abundant. Ions from decomposing organisms are disturbed by currents and available to many other organisms.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of salinity and ion availability in terrestrial environments?

A

Dissolved ions are available on soil water which is known as soil salinity and different plants have different adaptations to cope with different salinity levels.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of pH in aquatic environments?

A

pH may vary depending on organic material and dissolved gasses (carbon dioxide lowers pH).

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of pH in terrestrial environments?

A

Varies significantly depending on dissolved salts and plants have adaptations to cope with this.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of buoyancy in aquatic environments?

A

Water provides much more support than air so can sustain structure of some organisms (eg jellyfish).

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of buoyancy in terrestrial environments?

A

Air provides very little support and organisms need a skeleton and muscle a to support them.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of viscosity in aquatic environments?

A

Water provides more resistance so can be more difficult to get through so organisms have adapted with more streamlined shapes.

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19
Q

What are the characteristic of viscosity in terrestrial environments?

A

Air provides less resistance so it is easier for organisms to move through (eg a human can walk).

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of exposure to natural forces (wind, tide, waves) in aquatic environments?

A
  • marine environments have tides currents and waves depending on season and weather.
  • freshwater environments have varying strength if running water (eg rivers and waterfalls).
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of exposure to natural forces (wind, tide, waves) in terrestrial environments?

A

Different environments exposed to differing levels of wind and rain depending on weather and season. Exposure can be extremes (cyclones, monsoons, floods and droughts).

22
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

The amount if support provided by a medium.

23
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The amount of resistance provided by a medium.

24
Q

What are slope and aspect?

A

Slope is the angle of the land (eh gradient) and aspect is the direction it is facing (eg north).

25
Q

What are biotic factors of ecosystems?

A

Living things found within ecosystems eg animals (predators and prey), plants, fungi and bacteria.

26
Q

What is abundance and distribution?

A

Abundance is how many of an organisms there are and distribution is where they are found.

27
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The interaction of an organism with their environment.

28
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of plant and animal life within the world or a specific habitat.

29
Q

In food chains, in what directions do

The arrows point?

A

In the direction of the energy flow.

30
Q

What are tropic levels?

A

Levels if feeding.

31
Q

What organisms have to occupy what tropic levels?

A

The first trophic level is always producers (plants).
The second is always herbivores.
The third is always either omnivores or carnivores.

32
Q

What are first order and second order consumers?

A

Plants are producers.
Herbivores (or animals that eat the plants) are first order consumers.
Carnivores or omnivores (animals that eat the first order consumers) are second order consumers.

33
Q

Why are good chains usually only three or four trophic levels?

A

Because most energy (80-90%) is lost through metabolic processes before it reaches the next level.

34
Q

Where in a food chain to decomposers and detritivores go?

A

With arrow directed to them leading off from everything.

35
Q

What is predation?

A

A detrimental relationship in which one organism kills and eats another (eg a kookaburra eating a slug).

36
Q

What is allelopathy?

A

A detrimental relationship in which one plant reduces the growth of another one in its vicinity by secreting inhibitory chemicals (eg gum trees with chemicals in leaf litter).

37
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A relationship in which one organism uses another organism (the host) as it’s food source. The host is adversely affected but does not usually die. (Eg a tapeworm in the human intestine).

38
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A necessary beneficial relationship between two organisms; both need each other for survival (eg lichen- algae and fungi).

39
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A relationship between two organisms in which one or both benefit and neither are harmed (eg remora fish that attach to sharks and few drop spiders on widow spiders webs).

40
Q

Why is photosynthesis essential in ecosystems?

A

It converts the one source of constant energy into useable energy in the form of glucose and helps maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

41
Q

Why is respiration important in ecosystems?

A

It converts energy as sugars into useable ATP energy.

42
Q

What is a scavenger?

A

An organism that eats the “left overs” or remains of dead animals.

43
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

An organism that breaks down the remains of other organisms. They are the recyclers in the environment. Eg fungi, worms, bacteria.

44
Q

Why are many producer organisms needed to support a smaller number of producer organisms?

A

Most of the energy is lost in respiration and as waste with about roughly about 90% of energy being lost. (Every trophic level you move up one zero is lost).

45
Q

Why are decomposers so important for ecosystems?

A

Decomposers recycle minerals (and can use waste and cellulose as energy sources) back into the ecosystem (otherwise they would be locked in dead organisms).

46
Q

What must happen to nitrates in soil so they can be used?

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria must feed and absorb and grow upon decaying organic matter which releases the nitrogen from the ammonium.

47
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

48
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of one species living in a particular place at a particular time.

49
Q

Why do groups monitor trends in population?

A

To look for long term changes in order to protect a species.

50
Q

What are se factors that affect population numbers?

A

Diseases, climate conditions, seasonal migrations and birth and death rates.

51
Q

What are the steps of predator-prey relationship fluctuations?

A
  1. Numbers of prey increase (breeding cycle/availability of food)
  2. Provides more food for predators who survive in greater numbers and reproduce more.
  3. Predators numbers increase and more prey get eaten so prey numbers decrease.
  4. As prey numbers decline, there is less food for the predators so predator numbers decline.
52
Q

What does a predator prey graph look like?

A

A line graph with two lines, the one that is most often higher is the prey and the other is the predator. The peaks and troughs in the predators should mirror the prey, but at a slight lag.

53
Q

What is an example of a predator prey relationship?

A

The fox and bush turkey.

Biology- Year 11 (1 decks)

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