locomotion and support

Question 1

necessities for support and locomotion in humans and animal

Answer 1

• to search food
• to hunt prey
• to search shelter
• to find mate for reproduction
• to provide protection
• to escape from predators and danger

Question 2

endoskeleton?

Answer 2

• rigid internal skeleton made of bones and cartilage to which muscles are attached
• found in all vetebrates
• work with muscular system to produce movement and locomotion
• to protect internal organs, maintain body shape and support body

Question 3

exoskeleton?

Answer 3

• cuticle of an insect covers the surface of its body
• cutilcle is covered witj wax to prevent water loss
• exoskeleton are non living structures and incapable(berupaya) of growth. in order to grow, arthropod have to shed(tinggalkan) their skeleton through ecdysis

Question 4

hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 4

• consist of internal fluids within the body cavity
• fluid is held under in compartments (ruang) surrounded by muscles
• since fluid cannot escape , it forms an incompressible skeleton to provide support and maintain body shape

Question 5

human skeleton has two main parts

Answer 5

appendicular(tangan kaki)and axial (protect organs) skeleton

Question 6

pectoral girdle ade 2

Answer 6

clavicel -colar bone

scapula - back wing

Question 7

arm (upper limbs) 6 parts

Answer 7

• humerus (besar, satu je )
• ulna(lagi besar dari radius and stick with humerus)
• radius (stick with ulna , kecik sikit)
• carpals (pergelangan tangan)
• metacarpals (bawah jari)
• phalanges (jari)

Question 8

pelvic girdle ade 2

Answer 8

hip bones ( kat pinggang, kalau kat dina yang terkeluae tu)

Question 9

leg (lower limbs) 7 parts

Answer 9

• femur (tulang peha)
• patella (tulang lutut macam knee cap, protect knee joint)
• tibia (tampung berat ,besar dari fibula)
• fibula (smaller than tibia)
• tarsals( pergelangan kaki)
• metatarsal (bawah jari)
• phalanges(jari kaki)

Question 10

axial skeleton ade three main parts

Answer 10

skull, thoracic cage and vertebral column

Question 11

skull ade 2 parts

Answer 11

cranial bones ( tengkorak)
facial bones (tengkorak kat pipi hidung)

Question 12

thoracic cage ade 2 parts

Answer 12

sternum( tengah tengah dada)

ribs (tulang bosar)

Question 13

vertebral column ade 3 parts

Answer 13

vetebrae (atas hips bahagian belakang)

sacrum (atas coccyx)

coccyx (dekat lubang bontot)

Question 14

fx of skeleton

Answer 14

• maintain body shape and support body
• to provide sufrace area for muscles attachment
• to protect organs
• to store certain mineral (calcium, phosphorus)
• to enable movement
• most blood cell produced in bone marrow of the long bones

Question 15

fx facial bones

Answer 15

• protect eyes,ears, nose

- provide entarace for respiration

Question 16

what is suture

Answer 16

bones kat kepala are held together by immovable joints called suture (macam gam yang lekatkan bone kat tengkorak)

Question 17

verterbal column called spine or backbone. ade 5 parts

Answer 17

1- cervical (ade 2 transverse foramen which allow blood vessels and nerves pass to the brain). cara nak ingat, ingat lobang(vertebral foramen) dia paling besar . ade 7

2- thoracic ( ingat ade “tho” is atoman, so ade tanduk panjang(spinous process) . ade 12

3- lumbar (centrum dia paling besar and bulat “lumbaarrrr” , it is to tampung berat kat lowe back.ade 5

4- sacrum( atas coccyx. ade 5)

5-coccyx (kat bontot ade 4 )

Question 18

fx of vertebral column

Answer 18

• protectz spinal cord
• support the head
• provide points for attachments of muscles

Question 19

what’s tendon?

Answer 19

• tough, strong and ielastic
• join muscles to bone
• bila muscle contracts , tendon transmit force from muscles to bones to pull bone immediately

Question 20

ligament

Answer 20

• flexible,storng and elastic connective tissue
• join bone to bone
• allow bone to move against each other and prevent the disclocation( terkehel) of join masa gerak

Question 21

skeletal muscles?

Answer 21

• made up of muse fibres
• it is voluntary muscles
• boleh movement by exert (gerak) the force to pull tendons which lekat dgn bones
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Question 22

movement of forearm (bending) sado

Answer 22

• biceps muscle contracts so it becomes shorter and thicker
• triceps relaxes becomes thinner and longer
• sebab biceps contracts radius tertarik dengan tendon so radius is pulled upward and forearm is bent

Question 23

movement of forearm (straightening ) lek lek punya stail tangan

Answer 23

• triceps contracts , biceps relaxes

- triceps contracts so pulling force exerts kat tendon, so tendon tarik ulna pastu tangan straight

Question 24

stucture of a joint

Answer 24

• joint is a place two or more bones meet

- movable joints bagi bone bergerak

Question 25

cartilage kat joint

Answer 25

- cushions the joint - absorb shock during movement - reduce fictions between end of the bones

Question 26

synovial fluid (tepi catilage)

Answer 26

- acts as a lubricant(pelincir) to reduce friction between bones and joints moves - provide nutrients to the cartilage

Question 27

synovial membrane

Answer 27

produce synovial fluid

Question 28

adaptation of fish to swim in water

Answer 28

1 - streamlined body shapes to overcome water resistance 2-scales overlaps and facing backwards to reduce water resistance 3-body covered by slimy coating to minimise drag and maintains smooth flow of water over its body 4-bony fish have a swim bladder to help them maintain buoyancy in water by controlling amount of air 5-have mytome muscles, act antagonistically 6- have fins to overcome instability i water during movement

Question 29

fx dorsal and ventral fins

Answer 29

resist yawing(menyempang) and rolling

Question 30

fx pelvic and pectoral fins

Answer 30

resist pitching and acts as brakes and rudders (kemudi)

Question 31

adaptation of bird in flying

Answer 31

1-have aerofoil wing which generate the lift for flying kat air 2-have a pair of antagonistic muscles namely pectoral major and pectoralis minor 3- have streamlined body shape to reduce air resistance masa terbang 4-badan ringan sbb the bone is hollow. kepala kecik dan badan free of fats

Question 32

consequences of impaired musculoskeletal system (akibat otot yang lemah)

Answer 32

1-muscle cramp( sudden contraction of one or more muscle ) causes inadequate "kurang" stretching, muscle fatigue, accumulation of lactic acid and lack of sodium salt 2-muscular dystrophy 3-osteoporosis (the thinning bones due to reduced bone mass. bones jadi lighter,brittle,more porous(liang rongga) and prone to fracture (mudah patah) 4-arthritis 5-osteoarthritis (cartilage of the joint rosak dan koyak) 6-rheumatoid arthritics (swollen inflammed synovial membrane) 7-gout (deposition "mendapan" of uric acid crystals in the joints)

Question 33

ways to care for the musculoskeletal system

Answer 33

- have good posture masa berdiri duduk dan jalan - avoid wearing clothes are too tigh - take balanced durr rich in calcium and phosphorus

Question 34

aquatic plants

Answer 34

less support related problems as water provides buoyancy and support to the plants

Question 35

terrestrial plants

Answer 35

-face the problem of gravitational pull when they speard their leaves and branches horizontally to absorb the maximum amount of sunlight