Logic Forms

Question 1

1. If P, then Q.
2. P.
   Therefore, Q.

Answer 1

Modus Ponens

Question 2

1. If P, then Q.
2. Not Q.
   Therefore, not P.

Answer 2

Modus Tollens

Question 3

1. P or Q.
2. Not P.
   Therefore, Q.

Answer 3

Disjunctive Syllogism

Question 4

1. P or Q.
2. If P then R.
3. If Q then S.
   Therefore, R or S.

Answer 4

Dilemma

Question 5

1. If P then Q.
2. If Q then R.
   Therefore, if P then R.

Answer 5

Hypothetical Syllogism

Question 6

1. If P then Q.
2. Q
   Therefore, P.

Answer 6

Affirming the Consequent

Question 7

1. If P then Q.
2. Not P.
   Therefore, not Q.

Answer 7

Denying the Antecedent

Question 8

a set of reasons or evidence meant to support a proposition.

Answer 8

Argument

Question 9

a claim, something that can be true or false.

Answer 9

Proposition

Question 10

a proposition being supported by reasons or evidence

Answer 10

Conclusion

Question 11

a proposition offered as a reason or evidence in support of a conclusion

Answer 11

Premise

Question 12

An “if-then” statement.

Answer 12

Conditional

Question 13

It is impossible for all premises to be true and the conclusion false.

Answer 13

When an argument is (deductively) valid

Question 14

an argument meant to be deductively valid

Answer 14

Deductive Argument

Question 15

deductive argument that is not valid, but is meant to be

Answer 15

Invalid Deductive Argument

Question 16

An argument that is valid and has all true premises

Answer 16

Sound Argument

Question 17

An argument that is either invalid or has at least one false premise, or both.

Answer 17

Unsound Argument

Question 18

Failed or flawed argument that can trick or deceive.

Answer 18

Fallacy

Question 19

a fallacy that fails because of its form - it is a misleading invalid argument.

Answer 19

Formal Fallacy

Question 20

A proposition that is not a compound proposition.

Answer 20

Atomic Proposition

Question 21

A proposition composed of atomic propositions and logical connectives

Answer 21

Compound Proposition

Question 22

If… Then….
…and…
…or…
…not…

Answer 22

Logical Connectives

Question 23

A proposition that, together with a connective, makes another proposition. (A proposition that is apart of the main proposition.)

Answer 23

Sub-Proposition

Question 24

The connective that is not a part of a sub-proposition.

Answer 24

Main Connective

Question 25

the main connective is a "not"

Answer 25

negation

Question 26

the main connective is an "or"

Answer 26

disjunctive

Question 27

the main connective is an "and"

Answer 27

conjunction

Question 28

the main connective is "if...then..."

Answer 28

conditional

Question 29

1. A 2. B Therefore, A and B

Answer 29

And Introduction

Question 30

1. A and B | Therefore, A (or, therefore B)

Answer 30

And Elimination

Question 31

Not-(A or B) = Not-A and Not-B | Not-(A and B) = Not-A or Not-B

Answer 31

DeMorgans Laws

Question 32

the study of the fundamental nature of reality.

Answer 32

metaphysics

Question 33

the study of nature and scope of knowledge

Answer 33

epistemology

Question 34

the study of the nature and scope of morality - right and wrong, duty, good and evil, etc.

Answer 34

ethics / moral philosophy

Question 35

the nature, justification, and evaluation of political structure.

Answer 35

political philosophy

Question 36

the study of art and beauty

Answer 36

aesthetics

Question 37

the study of the structure and norms of good reasoning

Answer 37

logic

Question 38

what you say is false

Answer 38

material lie

Question 39

you believe what you say is false

Answer 39

formal lie

Question 40

you aim to deceive the listener

Answer 40

perfect lie

Question 41

when you successfully deceive the listener - involves "dual deception"

Answer 41

effective lie

Question 42

assertions produced under the guise of earnest communication of the truth, without it being important to the speaker / writer whether they are true or false.

Answer 42

Bullshit

Question 43

when asserting something, the speaker represents something: 1) about the subject matter of your assertion 2) AND about your beliefs about the subject matter 3) AND often about other aspects of the speaker.

Answer 43

Posturing / Hypocritical Speech

Question 44

1. cognitive: needing to know how the world actually is / works 2. affective: your emotions and desires have to be in order

Answer 44

Moral Virtue

Question 45

The ability to deliberate well about what is good and advantageous (i.e., about what is advantageous to a good life in general)

Answer 45

Prudence

Question 46

knowing how to get anything done in life

Answer 46

Cleverness

Question 47

Rationality: evaluating and strategically pursuing goals well. (moral virtue)

Answer 47

Practical Rationality

Question 48

Rationality: contemplating, understanding truth & reality (theoretical virtue)

Answer 48

Theoretical Rationality

Question 49

Flourishing: a life of active civil virtue

Answer 49

Practical Rationality

Question 50

Flourishing: the life of the mind, the life of the philosopher and contemplation

Answer 50

Theoretical Rationality

Question 51

a life watched over by the gods, "good / well" + "spirit"

Answer 51

Eudaimonia

Question 52

- an object / holistic concept - not just subjective, psychological feeling of "happiness" - "flourishing", "thriving", "well-being"

Answer 52

Aristotle's Eudaimonia

Question 53

defining or characteristic form of activity, function

Answer 53

Ergon

Question 54

Virtue or Excellence

Answer 54

Arete

Question 55

Rational Activity

Answer 55

Human Ergon

Question 56

Ergon + Arete

Answer 56

The human "Good"