Logical Fallacies Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
Appeal to Anonymous Authority
A
2
Q
Appeal to Authority
A
3
Q
Appeal to Common Practice
A
4
Q
Appeal to Ignorance
A
(aka, “Unproven vs. Untrue”)
5
Q
Appeal to Incredulity
A
6
Q
Appeal to Money
A
7
Q
Appeal to Novelty
A
8
Q
Appeal to Popular Belief
A
9
Q
Appeal to Probability
A
10
Q
Appeal to Tradition
A
11
Q
Appeal to Consequence of a Belief
A
12
Q
Appeal to Fear
A
13
Q
Appeal to Flattery
A
14
Q
Appeal to Nature
A
15
Q
Appeal to Pity
A
16
Q
Appeal to Ridicule
A
17
Q
Appeal to Spite
A
18
Q
Appeal to Wishful Thinking
A
19
Q
Anecdotal Evidence
A
20
Q
Composition
A
(aka, “Part-to-Whole”)
21
Q
Division
A
(aka, “Whole-to-Part”)
22
Q
Design Fallacy
A
23
Q
Gambler’s Fallacy
A
24
Q
Hasty Generalization
A
25
Jumping to Conclusions
26
Middle Ground
27
Perfectionist Fallacy
28
Relativist Fallacy
29
Spotlight
30
Sweeping Generalization
31
Undistributed Middle
32
Ad Hoc Rescue
(aka, "Special Pleading")
33
Begging the Question
34
Biased Generalizing
35
Confirmation Bias
36
False Dilemma
(aka, "False Dichotomy" or "False Choice")
37
Lie
38
Misleading Vividness
39
Red Herring
40
Slippery Slope
41
Suppressed Evidence
42
Unfalsifiability
43
Affirming the Consequent
44
Circular Logic
45
Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
46
Denying the Antecedent
47
Ignoring a Common Cause
48
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
49
Two Wrongs Make a Right
50
Ad Hominem
51
Burden of Proof
52
Circumstance Ad Hominem
53
Genetic Fallacy
54
Guilt by Association
55
Straw Man
56
No True Scottsman
57
Tu Quoque
58
Loaded Question
59
Quantities vs. Percentages
Using numbers as if they indicate percentages, or vice versa.
60
Relative vs. Absolute
Something can be "more" OR "less", depending on if it's measured in relative or absolute terms. READ CAREFULLY!
EX: Jack got a raise of 5% and Jill got a raise of 10%. Therefore, Jill now has a higher salary. What if Jack started with a salary of $1,000,000 and Jill started with $50,000? Then, the argument is false. If they had started with the same salary, then it would be true.
61
Equivocation Flaw
Using the same word in two different ways.
62
Prescription vs. Description
| (i.e. Naturalistic Fallacy)
"You can't get an 'ought' from an 'is'!"
63
Term Shift
The argument jumps from one term in the premise to a different term in the conclusion. This is the classic assumption gap.
64
Illegal Reversal
A --\>B. Therefore, B--\>A. WRONG!
EX: "All dogs are mammals. Therefore, all mammals are dogs".
65
Illegal Negation
A --\>B. Therefore, /A --\> /B. WRONG!
EX: "Fish live in the ocean. Therefore, if it's not a fish, it doesn't live in the ocean."
