Logical fallacies Flashcards
(21 cards)
Argumentum ad Hominem
arguments attack a person’s [character] rather than [reasoning] the issues.
Red Herring
attempts to [Distract] by shifting attention [away from an] important issue.
Ad Populum
an argument that appeals to [the emotions or prejudice ] of a certain group, despite being [logicly unsounded].
Ad Misericordia
an argument that appeals [to pity].
Non-Sequitur
This fallacy draws conclusions [from premises ] that do not [necessarily apply].
False Dichotomy
The either/ or fallacy that makes the assumption that [there are only two alternatives].
Straw Person
arguments [excessively simplified] an opponent’s [view point] to argue against it more easily.
Begging the Question
occurs when a writer assumes that [a statement under dispute] is in fact true; such an argument [is circular].
Sentimental Appeals
tug at an audience’s [heart stings] to the point of [ignoring the facts], perhaps to keep the audience from [disagreeing with the writer].
Equivocation
a statement that is [partially correct] but that [purposely ups gears] the entire truth.
A Faulty Analogy
is an [increate], [inappropriate], or [misleading] comparison between two things.
Hasty Generalization
draws conclusions from [draws conclusions from scantai]
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
After this, therefore because of this: an argument assumes [causation] based on the [passing of time].
Ad Ignorantiam
An appeal to ignorance: an argument that claims something is [true or false] because there is [no evidence to prove otherwise].
Reduction Ad Absurdum
Reduction to the absurd: a disproof by showing that [the consequences] of the proposition [are absurd]; or proof of a proposition by showing [negation] leads to [contradiction].
Slippery Slope
when someone makes a claim about a series of events that would lead to one major event, usually a bad event.
Appeal to Emotion
a logical fallacy characterized by the manipulation of the recipient’s emotions in order to win an argument, especially in the absence of factual evidence.
Guilt by Association
occurs when someone connects an opponent to a demonized group of people or to a bad person in order to discredit his or her argument.
Appeal to Nature
because something is ‘natural’ it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal.
False Causation
occurs when the link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist
Appeal to Authority
Insisting that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true, without any other supporting evidence offered.
